Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0002453 (amenorrhea)
 6,245 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

A study was conducted in two communities in the rural Philippines to determine whether breastfeeding mothers could intensify their nursing enough to increase the period of lactational amenorrhea. Women in one community were exposed to a breastfeeding education program before the birth and during lactation, while women in the other community served as a comparison group. Increased breastfeeding was observed in the group that received breastfeeding education, beginning in the sixth month postpartum. Bottle use began earlier and was more common in the comparison group, but the introduction of solid foods at five to six months was similar. No difference in the duration of postpartum amenorrhea (a proxy for the duration of infertility) was observed between the groups.
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PMID:The effect of a breastfeeding education program on lactational amenorrhea in the Philippines. 277 94

Results in 136 hyperprolactinaemic women who presented with infertility, amenorrhoea, menstrual irregularities and/or galactorrhoea are reported. There was radiographic evidence of pituitary microadenoma in 21 (15.4%) patients and 5 (3.7%) had macroadenoma. Four patients were taking antidepressants, 2 antihypertensive drugs and 7 had taken oral contraceptives for a period of 6 months to 5 years. The remaining patients had no obvious cause for elevated prolactin levels. Patients with pituitary adenoma had a significantly higher (p less than 0.001) baseline serum prolactin level (182 +/- 4.6 ng/ml) than those with no adenoma (59.2 +/- 4.2 ng/ml). All patients in the study were treated with bromocriptine (2.5-10 mg) to normalize serum prolactin or to achieve a pregnancy. The patients without an adenoma required a significantly smaller dose of bromocriptine (2.5-5.0 mg) (p less than 0.005) than those with an adenoma. Galactorrhoea disappeared in all 64 patients within 2-4 months of treatment, sixty-six (71%) of the 93 patients who desired pregnancy achieved it within 3 to 8 months of bromocriptine therapy; 32 of these patients received additional treatment with clomiphene and human chorionic gonadotrophins for induction of ovulation. In the remaining 70 patients menstruation became regular and ovulation was evident in 40% of them. There was no significant difference in the pregnancy rate between the patients with or without pituitary adenoma. Similarly, presence of galactorrhoea or a high level of prolactin did not influence the pregnancy rate. No complications were observed during pregnancy related to pituitary adenomas; 8 (12%) pregnancies ended in first trimester abortion. No lethal congenital fetal abnormalities were observed in the patients treated with bromocriptine.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Outcome of treatment with bromocriptine in patients with hyperprolactinaemia. 280 31

Virilization is usually associated with amenorrhea, infertility and ovarian stromal lesions. Paradoxically, however, it may also be seen in pregnancy; this type of virilization is rare and accompanies ovarian thecosis. Thecosis, also known as thecomatosis and stromal thecosis, is a complex assortment of types of ovarian stromal proliferation associated with various types and amounts of hormonal activity. A patient had progressive virilization that began about seven years after menarche. Nonetheless, she had six pregnancies and bore five normal living children. Her last child, a female, was not affected by the high maternal testosterone levels. The patient's virilization was associated with an ovarian stromal hyperplasia classified as combined thecosis. In this case, as in some others, there was reason to suspect a genetic basis for such progressive virilization with retained fertility; an analysis of it provides insight into the complex nature of ovarian stromal hyperplasia and hormonal activity.
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PMID:Bilateral ovarian thecosis and virilization in pregnancy. A case report. 282 13

Prolactin (PRL) and progesterone were systematically measured in all women presenting with amenorrhea, oligomenorrhea or galactorrhea at the Infertility Clinic of the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, State University of Campinas, Brazil, during a period of 34 months. The same hormonal assays were done to all infertile patients presenting for the first time during the last 6 months of the same period, for a total of 190 subjects. Fifty-five patients with amenorrhea, 38 with oligomenorrhea and 97 with normal cycles, 20 of whom had galactorrhea, were included in the study. Fifty-five percent of amenorrheic patients, 37% of oligomenorrheic and 9% of those with normal menses had elevated PRL. The mean PRL was higher the greater the menstrual disturbance but was not influenced by presence or absence of galactorrhea. Short luteal phase was the ovarian function condition most frequently associated with high PRL among women with normal menses.
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PMID:Menstrual pattern and ovarian function in women with hyperprolactinemia. 286 29

The clinical and laboratory findings in a 29-year-old Saudi Arabian woman were compatible with a state of resistance to thyroid hormones by the pituitary gland. Symptoms of hypothyroidism, amenorrhoea and secondary infertility developed 10 years after partial thyroidectomy for an euthyroid goitre. Before therapy, serum thyroxine (T4) and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) values were elevated; serum tri-iodothyronine (T3) value was at the upper limit of normal while %T3 resin uptake and serum free T4 level were both normal. Treatment with L-thyroxine 150 micrograms/dl was not effective. After this was increased to 200 micrograms/d, serum T4 value rose, TSH was still elevated and there was improvement in symptomatology, and a return of both menses and fertility.
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PMID:Pituitary resistance to L-thyroxine after thyroidectomy. A case report. 292 62

31 cases of intrauterine adhesions were diagnosed over the January 1981-December 1984 period at the First Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Milan (Italy). Table IV presents the relevant details of the subjects' history prior to diagnosis. Menstrual abnormalities were present in 21 subjects -- amenorrhea in 7 and hypomenorrhea in 14. 27 of the women wanted a child. Their obstetric history showed habitual abortion in 19 cases, secondary sterility in 7 cases, and primary sterility in 1. Amenorrhea was the only reason for seeking consultation in the other 4 cases. A complete and basic screening of the couple showed no other important factors causing infertility. Hysterosalpingography always preceded the endoscopic evaluation. Synechiae were evaluated as severe in 8 cases, moderate in 10, and minimal in 13. A rigid hysteroscope of 4 mm diameter was inserted in a 5 mm diagnostic sheath and a 7 mm opering sheath. The uterine cavity was distended by C02 in 10 cases and with macromolecular dextran in 21. Lysis was performed in 15 cases by multiple pressures of the extremity of the tip of the outer sleeve of the hysteroscope and in 12 with rigid miniature scissors introduced through the operating sheath. In the other 4 cases, intervention could not be completed for technical reasons. An IUD was inserted postoperatively in 7 patients; sequential estrogen-progestin treatment was prescribed for 22 patients. A repeat hysterosalpingography was performed on 16 women; 12 underwent a 2nd-look hysteroscopy. In regard to menstrual function, the results were good overall. Over 2/3 of the patients reported complete normality of menstrual flow, and the number of subjects with hypomenorrhea dropped from 45.2% to 25.8%. Less satisfactory results were obtained in the 7 patients with amenorrhea: eumenorrhea in 2; partial restoration of menstrual flow in 3; and no flow in 2. Reproductive status did not improve along with restoration of menstrual function. The not corrected pregnancy rate was 70%; the pregnancies with live births were under 41%. The number of abortions was substantially reduced but even so 45% of the conceptions underwent spontaneous abortion. After correction of minimal interuterine adhesions, the reproductive prognosis could be regarded as moderately good. The same was not the case for moderate adhesions. In the presence of extensive pathology, no pregnancy was carried to term.
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PMID:Intrauterine adhesions: current diagnostic and therapeutic trends. 294 61

Many patients with Hodgkin's disease, acute leukemia, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, testicular cancer, and other tumors now regularly achieve sustained clinical remissions and cures. Drugs used in the treatment of cancer have profound and often lasting effects on the testis and ovary. Germ cell production and endocrine function may both be altered with the magnitude of the effect related to the age, pubertal status, and menstrual status of the patient as well as to the particular drug, dosage, or combination administered. The primary testicular lesion caused by all antitumor agents studied thus far is depletion of the germinal epithelium lining the seminiferous tubules. Combination chemotherapy regimens that include alkylating agents produce germinal aplasia and permanent infertility in the majority of patients. The risk of ovarian injury following combination chemotherapy is clearly related to the age of the patient at the time of treatment. Overall, 40 to 50% of women treated with combination chemotherapy become amenorrheic, although the frequency of amenorrhea in women older than 35 years may be as high as 90%. Interventions to protect the gonads from the effects of chemotherapy have not yet been developed; thus, male patients should be offered an opportunity to store semen prior to treatment and all patients should be counseled concerning the potential gonadal toxicity of cancer chemotherapy.
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PMID:Effects of cancer treatment on the reproductive system. 304 66

From 1984 to 1985, 18 patients with infertility and oligomenorrhoea were treated with pulsatile GnRH administration (Zyklomat). According to the hormone levels and the ultrasonographic observation of the ovaries, they could be divided into two categories, group A (n = 11), patients with hyperandrogenaemia, and group B (n = 7), patients with hypothalamic amenorrhoea. As in hyperandrogenaemic patients a pathological LH-secretion pattern was suspected, assessment of LH-pulsing (5 ml blood samples at 10 min intervals over 6 h) was performed in this group of patients followed by an oestrogen-gestagen (E-Ge) suppression. One day before discontinuation of this medication, the GnRH pump was applied intravenously. Ovulation induction was more successful in group B than in group A. Hyperandrogenaemic women, in whom ovulation could be induced by the GnRH pump, exhibited higher basal concentrations of FSH, LH, LH/FSH ratio, oestradiol- 17 beta and testosterone (T) than the women not responding to pulsatile GnRH administration. The suppression of T and LH/FSH ratio with E-Ge treatment was more pronounced, while the non-responders had higher basal prolactin concentrations as well as after E-Ge therapy and a significantly greater body weight. The results indicate that GnRH therapy in hypothalamic amenorrhoea is more successful than in hyperandrogenaemia. Overweight hyperandrogenaemic patients appeared to be unsuitable for GnRH treatment, even after previous suppression of the hypothalamic pituitary ovarian axis with E-Ge.
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PMID:Pulsatile gonadotrophin releasing hormone therapy in patients with hyperandrogenaemia or hypothalamic amenorrhoea. 305 55

Pulsatile administration of GnRH appears to be the most rational and physiological treatment of infertility in patients affected by hypothalamic amenorrhea. The authors conclude that the results obtained with this method of treatment (all patients became pregnant) suggest that the choice of pulsatile GnRH therapy is an effective and practical method for induction of ovulation.
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PMID:GNRH therapy in hypothalamic primary amenorrhea. 306 81

The CO2 tubal insufflator delivers CO2 at 30 ml. per minute at pressure not exceeding 150 mm. of Hg. The vacuum cannula is not used. Any leakage of gas is controlled by applying a Vulsellum laterally. 78 Hysteroscopies were done using this technique. The procedure was unsatisfactory in 4 cases (5.1%). Out of 61 (78.2%) cases of infertility, there was some pathology in 35 (57.4%) cases. Out of 8 (10.2%) cases of menometrorrhagia, 6 (75%) had polypoidal endometrium, localised or diffuse and 1 (12.5%) had a fibroid. 1 (1.3%) case of postmenopausal bleeding had an endometrial polyp, which was removed. Of the 5 (6.4%) cases of amenorrhea, 4 (80%) had synechia which could be divided. 1 (1.3%) case of dysmenorrhoea had an endometrial polyp which was removed. 2 (2.6%) Lost IUDs were also removed. Operative hysteroscopy was done in 13 (16.6%) cases; removal of lost IUD--2 cases (15.4%); removal of endometrial polyp--4 cases (30.8%); division of synechiae--6 cases (46.1%) and division of septum--1 case (7.7%). Hysteroscopy was useful in diagnosing pathology in 64% of cases and treating them in 16.6% cases.
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PMID:Hysteroscopy using a CO2 tubal insufflator without the vacuum cannula. 311 22


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