Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0002453 (amenorrhea)
 6,245 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Amenorrhoea due to loss of weight was diagnosed in 39 of 170 consecutively investigated patients with amenorrhoea: 24 patients had anorexia nervosa but in the remainder this diagnosis could not be made with certainty. The only difference detected between the two groups was in their lowest weights. Endocrine tests revealed subnormal oestrogen production, low serum LH levels and a failure to ovulate in response to clomiphene. All patients were encouraged to put on weight and 14 resumed ovulatory menstrual cycles. In these patients the mean weight at resumption of ovulation exceeded the mean weight at presentation by 3.6 kg; in contrast, in the patients who remained amenorrhoeic, there was no significant increase of weight by the time of the last visit. Of 8 patients who complained of infertility, 5 ovulated and conceived. Thus dietary treatment of patients with amenorrhoea and loss of weight may replace gonadotrophin therapy for induction of ovulation in a significant proportion of patients with anovulatory infertility.
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PMID:Amenorrhoea and loss of weight. 58 89

Among 62 patients with galactorrhoea a corpus luteum deficiency or anovulatory cycles were found in 35 cases by serum progesterone determination, endometrial biopsy or basal body temperature records. 27 patients had a hyperpro-lactenemic amenorrhoea-galactorrhoea syndrome. During treatment with 2.5-5 mg. of Pravidel daily the basal body temperature was recorded, the concentrations of serum FSH, LH, Prolactin and progesterone were determined by radioimmunoassay. Other possible reasons for infertility were investigated. 10 of the 19 patients with normal serum prolactins in the group with deficient corpus luteum or anovulation became pregnant after a short duration of treatment, whereas only 2 of the 16 patients with hyperprolactenemia became pregnant. Among 27 patients with secondary amenorrhoea 11 became pregnant. All these patients had increased serum prolactins. During treatment with Pravidel all patients showed a significant increase of FSH and LH concentrations and a decrease of the prolactin concentrations. The outcome of the pregnancy of the 58 patients who became pregnant during treatment with Pravidel was also reported. 14 of the 58 pregnancies occured following additional treatment with Dyneric or HMG/HCG. Up to now there were 18 term deliveries following uneventful pregnancies. There were no fetal anomalies. The abortion rate was not higher than in the general population. All results show that euprolactinemia is not alone characterized by normal prolactin concentration. The clinical signs and symptoms of galactorrhoea without increase of prolactin over 20 ng/ml. in conjunction with ovarian dysfunction must be classified as dysprolactinemia.
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PMID:[Clinical experimental studies in the treatment of ovarian dysfunction with bromo-ergocryptin (pravidel) (author's transl)]. 68 May 50

Seventeen women complaining of infertility (one with primary amenorrhoea, 14 with secondary amenorrhoea, and two with oligomenorrhoea) all had hyperprolactinaemia and were treated with clomiphene citrate and human chorionic gonadotrophin (HCG), and plasma oestradiol, FSH and LH levels were measured. Although adequate pre-ovulatory oestradiol levels were present, the surge of LH was absent until the injection of HCG after which all patients ovulated. There were 12 pregnancies in 9 patients resulting in 10 full-term livebirths, one premature livebirth and one continuing pregnancy. The relevance of these findings to the possible role of prolactin in amenorrhoea is discussed.
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PMID:Induction of ovulation with clomiphene and human chorionic gonadotrophin in women with hyperprolactinaemic amenorrhoea. 69 52

One hundred and twenty-two patients who attended the author's Gynaecological Clinic at The Logas University Teaching Hospital complaining of infertility, amenorrhoea or irregular menstruation were each studied during a minimum of three menstrual cycles. Cytological Curves based on weekly karyopyknotic indices of their vaginal epithelial cells were plotted throughout the duration of the study. Basal body temperatures and endometrial biopsies were also obtained from all of the patients. In the absence of vaginitis, cytological studies were found to be useful in determining the period of maximal fertility in infertile women and in detecting abnormal oestrogen excretion in women with functional menstrual abnormalities.
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PMID:Observations on the value of vaginal cytology in the assessment of ovarian function in Nigerians. 75 56

Infertility has a 30-40% incidence in women with endometriosis. However, conservative surgical procedures can result in pregnancy for 40-90% of these patients. The pregnancy rate is influenced by 5 factors: 1) extent of the disease, 2) age, 3) history of previous surgery for endometriosis, 4) duration of infertility before surgery, and 5) length of postsurgical follow-up. The factor responsible for infertility among women with endometriosis is believed to be an inadequacy of the tubo-ovarian motility secondary to fibrosis and scarring, which results in imperfect ovum acceptance by the fimbriae. Therapy encompasses 4 approaches: 1) prophylaxis, 2) observation and analgesia, 3) suppression of ovulation, and 4) surgical treatment. Pregnancy is suggested as the optimal prophylactic treatment for endometriosis since the symptoms and signs regress during gestation and for varying periods thereafter. This regression is probably due to a combination of anovulation and amenorrhea caused by adenohypophyseal suppression. It may also be due to a transformation of functioning endometriotic tissue into decidua by increasing levels of chorionic estrogen and progesterone. If pregnancy is not desired, anovulation can be secured by the administration of sex hormones. Pseudopregnancy for 6 months, induced by norgestrel plus ethinyl estradiol or norethynodrel plus mestranol, can lead to pregnancy in 50% of patients whose only abnormality is surface ovarian endometriosis within 1 year of cessation of therapy. Short periods of pseudopregnancy are also advocated after conservative surgery if all areas of endometriosis cannot be excised. 40-50% of these patients can expect to become pregnant within 24 months. The incidence of postoperative tubo-ovarian adhesions may be diminished by use of dexamethasone and promethazine.
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PMID:Management of endometriosis in the infertile patient. 80 66

Pelvic tuberculosis (TBC) was diagnosed in 20 patients studied during the years 1971 to 1975. Fourteen patients were born outside the United States. The most frequent presenting complaints were infertility (14 patients), pelvic pain (6), and amenorrhea (4). Only 5 patients gave a history of previous treatment for TBC. Results of pelvic examination were normal in 11 patients; results of chest X-rays were normal in 15. Sixteen patients had endometrial biopsies, 10 of which showed granulomatous endometritis. Fifteen patients had hysterosalpingograms, all of which yielded abnormal results, and 14 were indicative of TBC. Cultures were positive for Mycobacterium tuberculosis in 6 of 16 patients. Genital TBC should be considered as a possible cause of infertility, especially in foreign-born patients. Although a conclusive diagnosis can be made only from a positive culture or histologic specimen, hysterosalpingography is a very useful aid in establishing the diagnosis.
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PMID:Pelvic tuberculosis. 81 84

In a 24 y.o. woman complaining of primary amenorrhoea and infertility, hyperprolactinaemia and clearly enlarged sella turcica on standard x-rays in 1975 led to the diagnosis of a pituitary prolactin-producing adenoma, later confirmed surgically. Galactorrhoea never occurred spontaneously and could not be provoked at physical examination. In the course of a previous investigation in 1967, the standard x-ray of the sella turcica, although showing already a minor duplication of the anterior wall of the sella, had been misinterpreted as being normal. It is clear from the present observation that repeated, for example at yearly intervals, radiological examinations and prolactin determinations (not available before 1971) would allow an early diagnosis. It is furthermore stressed that a tomographic radiological examination using complex movement (spiral or hypocycloidal) should be mandatory in any case of amenorrhoea with hyperprolactinaemia in order to assess or not the possible existence of a prolactin-producing pituitary adenoma. Indeed, dynamic studies of anterior pituitary secretions cannot allow a differential diagnosis between tumoural and functional hyperprolactinaemia.
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PMID:Amenorrhoea, sterility and hyperprolactinaemia. Importance of complex movement tomographic x-ray study and follow-up of the sella turcica. 90 Aug 82

It is important not to confuse the 46,X,i(Xq) syndrome with the 45,X classical Turner's syndrome. There are profound cytogenetic and clinical differences between the two syndromes, which must be borne in mind in the differential diagnosis of amenorrhea and of infertility.
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PMID:The X isochromosome-X syndrome [46,X,i(Xq)]. Report of three cases with review of the phenotype. 91 6

To determine if elevated serum prolactin hPRL inhibits ovarian steroidogenesis and contributes to the amenorrhea associated with galactorrhea syndromes, the following study was performed. Four women with amenorrhea, galactorrhea, and elevated serum hPRL levels were treated with menopausal gonadotropins (Pergonal) for the associated infertility. Urinary estrogen response was comparable to that in normal ovulatory women in each patient. Ovulation occurred in 3 of the 4 women with resultant conception and normal pregnancies. There was no evidence to support the contention that elevated hPRL interferes with ovarian function.
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PMID:Ovarian response to exogenous gonadotropins in women with elevated serum prolactin. 94 Jun 46

The short luteal phase is commonly found in ovulating women presenting with infertility, or in amenorrheic women induced to ovulate with clomiphene. When the short luteal phase defect is accompanied by the discovery of galactorrhea, the two abnormalities may share a common underlying cause. Two cases are presented to demonstrate the short luteal phase defect as one early manifestation that may occur during the development of the amenorrhea-galactorrhea syndrome. Antiprolactin therapy may cause this menstrual disorder to revert to normal, allowing normal fertility and terminating the galactorrhea.
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PMID:Prolactin hypersecretion and short luteal phase defects. 94 40


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