Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0002453 (amenorrhea)
 6,245 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Serum-prolactin concentrations were measured in 111 patients who had radiological abnormalities of the pituitary but no evidence of acromegaly, Cushing's syndrome, or Nelson's syndrome. Raised prolactin levels were found in 45 of 64 (70%) patients studied before treatment and in 15 of 47 patients studied after pituitary surgery. The majority of hyperprolactinaemic patients presented with amenorrhoea or impotence; galactorrhoea was uncommon. By contrast, reproductive disorders were rare in patients with normal prolactin levels. It is concluded that pituitary tumours previously described as "functionless" are frequently associated with hypersecretion of prolactin and that such tumours usually present as reproductive disorders. In the investigation of patients with amenorrhoea or impotence serum-prolactin should be measured and skull radiology performed if the prolactin level is raised. Prolactin should be measured in all patients with abnormal pituitary X-rays both before and after pituitary surgery.
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PMID:Prevalence and presentation of hyperprolactinaemia in patients with "functionless" pituitary tumours. 6 72

Elevated plasma testosterone levels were found in 8 women with Cushing's disease and oligo-or amenorrhea and/or hirsutism. In 4 men with Cushing's syndrome either due to adrenal hyperplasia or adenoma, plasma testosterone levels were lowered. Three of these 4 men complained of impotence or loss of libodo. Evidence for a major adrenal origin of the elevated testosterone values in the women with Cushing's disease was derived from the parallel suppression of cortisol and testosterone during dexamethasone administration, the testosterone responsiveness to ACTH and its dramatic fall after adrenalectomy. In the men with Cushing's syndrome the lowered plasma testosterone values were further suppressed by high doses of dexamethasone irrespective of concomitant cortisol suppression. Adrenalectomy or adenotomy restored the decreased plasma testosterone levels to normal. In women with Cushing's syndrome adrenal hyperandrogenism may account for the sexual and gonadal disturbances, in men glucocorticoid induced suppression of Leydig cell function may be responsible.
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PMID:Plasma testosterone profiles in Cushing's syndrome. 19 73

The effect of bromocriptine administration was studied in 34 patients, whose presenting symptoms included amenorrhoea, galactorrhoea, infertility, dyspareunia, delayed puberty, and impotence. Two patients were found to have raised plasma prolactin values during investigation for acromegaly. With the exception of three individuals all patients had hyperprolactinaemia. Pituitary fossa enlargement or asymmetry was reported in 16 patients and one patient had primary hypothyroidism. Virtually all patients complained of side effects when first starting bromocriptine but only two patients were unable to tolerate prolonged therapy with doses which ranged from 5--40 mg daily. A single oral dose of 2.5 mg resulted in a greater than 50% reduction in plasma prolactin within five hours in 22 of 26 patients. Over the course of one month, five patients with significant pituitary fossa enlargement appeared to show less rapid suppression of plasma prolactin than five patients without fossa enlargement. At two months this trend was still evident but eventually all patients showed acceptable control of plasma prolactin, with the exception of one patient who required pituitary surgery. Galactorrhoea ceased in 13 of 15 patients, menstrual periods resumed in ten of 13 patients, two patients becoming pregnant first. Potency returned and puberty proceeded in two hypogonadal males. Six of the nine patients requesting treatment for infertility became pregnant. It is concluded that bromocriptine provides effective treatment for galactorrhoea, amenorrhoea or gonadal disorders when there is associated hyperprolactinaemia.
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PMID:Treatment of amenorrhoea, galactorrhoea and hypogonadism with bromocriptine. 27 21

Because of the poor results and the morbidity associated with surgical and radiation treatment of pituitary adenomas, investigators continue to search for new pharmacologic tools to treat anterior pituitary hyperfunction. New drugs are being studied in the treatment of acromegaly, Cushing's disease, and galactorrhea-amenorrhea, infertility, and impotence associated with prolactin-secreting pituitary tumors.
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PMID:New drugs in the treatment of pituitary disorders. 33 37

Prolactin exists in man as a distinct and separate anterior pituitary hormone from growth hormone. It is important in lactation and the control of gonadal function, although it may have a much wider and basic metabolic role, similar to its role in lower forms. In clinical endocrinology it is important as an index of pituitary and hypothalamic diseases; thus prolactin levels are elevated in association with these conditions and this reflects the normal tonic inhibitory hypothalamic control of prolactin by PIF; DA is the most important PIF. Hyperprolactinaemia causes hypogonadism in both men and women; it may present in women with amenorrhoea, oligomenorrhoea, polymenorrhoea, regular cycles with anovulation or a defective luteal phase, and impotence in men. In either sex galactorrhoea is reported to occur in only 30 per cent of patients. Neurotransmitter therapy, with dopamine agonists which act as functional analogues of PIF, restores prolactin levels to normal and leads to a return of normal gonadal function. The mechanism of the hypogonadism is not clear and is discussed together with the problems associated with inducing pregnancy in these patients, who may harbour microadenomata of the pituitary.
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PMID:Prolactin. 40 65

Bromocriptine, a dopaminergic agonist, has been used to treat many endocrine disorders. In hyperprolactinemia associated with galactorrhea, amenorrhea, oligospermia, and impotence, bromocriptine reduces prolactin levels to normal and allows for satisfactory return of sexual and reproductive function in 90% of patients. In acromegaly, bromocriptine brings about subjective improvement in 75% of patients with reduction in growth-hormone levels to normal in 22% of patients. Bromocriptine has been used in premenstrual tension, functional infertility, Nelson's syndrome, and Cushing's disease with variable benefit. In low doses, side-effects are minimal. In higher doses, digital vasospasm and gastrointestinal bleeding have occurred. Although bromocriptine has been used in a wide variety of endocrine disorders, it appears to be most useful in treatment of male and female infertility associated with hyperprolactinemia.
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PMID:Bromocriptine and endocrine disorders. 44 91

Zinc deficiency may play a role in the etiology of anorexia nervosa. The symptoms of anorexia nervosa and zinc deficiency are similar in a number of respects, e.g., weight loss, loss of appetite, amenorrhea in females, impotence in males, nausea and skin lesions. In both conditions females under 25 are most at risk. Stress, estrogen and dietary habits may also be involved in the complex of factors which create or exacerbate a zinc deficiency and result in anorexia nervosa. It is proposed that effectiveness in the treatment of anorexia nervosa.
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PMID:The role of zinc in anorexia nervosa: etiology and treatment. 51 14

In order to assess the frequency of hyperprolactinaemia in patients with "functionless" pituitary tumours, serum prolactin concentrations have been measured (by radioimmunoassay) in 111 patients with enlargement of the sella turcica who do not have acromegaly, Cushing's syndrome or Nelson's syndrome. The diagnosis of a chromophobe adenoma was confirmed in 76 patients who underwent surgery and was presumptive in the remaining 35. 45 of 64 (70%) patients studied before treatment and 15 of 47 assessed only after pituitary surgery had hyperprolactinaemia. Patients with raised prolactin levels usually presented with amenorrhoea or impotence, whereas reproductive disorders were rare in normoprolactinaemic patients. In many cases the presence of an underlying pituitary tumour was not initially suspected. The results of pituitary surgery were assessed in 25 patients with a chromophobe adenoma; of the 21 hyperprolactinaemic patients, surgery was most successful in those who had a small tumour treated by transsphenoidal adenomectomy. In conclusion, chromophobe adenomas formerly described as "functionless" are commonly associated with hypersecretion of prolactin and the hyperprolactinaemic patients frequently present with amenorrhoea or impotence. Prolactin levels should be measured in all patients with AMENORRHOEA or impotence and in patients with known (or suspected) pituitary tumours, before or after pituitary surgery.
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PMID:Prolactin secretion in patients with chromophobe adenomas of the pituitary: incidence and presentation of hyperprolactinaemia: results of surgical treatment. 71 18

New clinical significance of a phylogenetically old hormone. Recently, human Prolactin(hPRL) has been established as an anterior pituitary hormone which can be separated from growth hormone. By radioimmunoassay of hPRL it could be shown that many pituitary tumors formerly thought to be hormonally inactive, were in fact producing prolactin. Hyperprolactinaemia, with and without pituitary tumors, causing amenorrhea and galactorrhea in females, and loss of libido and impotence in males, can be treated effectively by neurosurgical procedures in tumor cases, or by medical inhibition of hPRL-secretion with bromocryptin.
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PMID:[Prolactin. New clinical importance of a phylogenetically old hormone]. 81 48

The therapeutic activity of bromocriptine mesilate (CB 154) was studied in a coooperative trial over a period of three months and using the same protocol in eleven different centres. 126 women and 9 men were studied. All had hyperprolactinaemia associated either with gonadal insufficiency-amenorrhoea/galactorrhoea syndrome (102 cases), isolated amenorrhoea (8 cases), impotence (6 cases), or to galactorrhoea with in certain men gynaecomastia. 32 patients had previously undergone removal of a pituitary adenoma, but had a normal response to the administration of LH-RH. Of the 106 untreated patients, only 36 had tumour-like deformities of the sella turcica. Under the effects of treatment, blood prolactin levels fell in all cases exception 4 and returned to normal in 66% of patients. The average value fell from 197 +/- 19 to 36.8 +/- 3.4 ng/ml (p less than 0.001). Spontaneous and provoked galactorrhoea regressed in 100% and 75% of cases respectively. Ovarian function reappeared in 89.4% of cases, with 32 pregnancies occurring during the 3 months period. Gynaecomastia and impotence responded in approximately half the men. The effectiveness of treatment was independent of the duration of the disorder (ranging from a few months to five years), the initial prolactin level and the radiological state of the sella turcica. Tolerance was satisfactory apart from transient problems (essentially digestive) occurring during the first days of treatment. In case of pregnancy, careful repeated studies of the sella turcica and visual fields are needed in order to detect possible growth of underlying pituitary adenomas or micro-adenomas.
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PMID:[Study of the action of bromocriptine in hyperprolactinemic states. Results of a cooperative trial in 135 patients]. 98 40


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