Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0002063 (alkalosis)
 2,286 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Esophageal fistulas were made in 6 ponies to evaluate whole blood acid-base values and serum and salivary electrolyte alterations associated with salivary depletion. Acid-base and electrolyte values remained within normal ranges for 15 days in 3 control ponies fed a pelleted diet through nasogastric tubes. In 6 ponies with esophageal fistulas that were fed the same diet through esophagostomy tubes, hypochloremia and hyponatremia developed during the same period. Serum K concentrations were only marginally depleted, probably because of dietary replacement. Salivary depletion resulted in transient metabolic acidosis from bicarbonate lost in saliva followed by progressive metabolic alkalosis. The alkalosis probably resulted from renal compensation of electrolyte imbalances. Salivary electrolytes were in high concentrations, probably because of increased salivary flow rates. Initial saliva was rich in Na, Cl, and K, but progressive reduction in salivary Na and Cl concentrations occurred during the 5-day collection period. These electrolyte savings could be explained by dietary influences and hormonal control of electrolyte transport in salivary ducts. Therapy for correction of acid-base and electrolyte alterations was also discussed.
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PMID:Acid-base and electrolyte alterations associated with salivary loss in the pony. 678 26

In a 3-year period, atrial fibrillation (AF) was diagnosed in 16 dairy cows between the ages of 2 and 11 years. Ten cows had AF when they were referred to the hospital and 6 cows developed AF while hospitalized. The chief reason for hospitalization in 15 of the cows was a gastrointestinal problem. Characteristic auscultatory findings were irregular rhythm (mean rate +/- SD: 94 +/- 25 beats/min), variation in the intensity of heart sounds, and absence of the 4th heart sound. The electrocardiographic features of AF were ventricular and F wave (mean +/- SD) rates of 94.4 +/- 24.8 and 272.7 +/- 53.3 beats/min, respectively. The most common electrolyte disorders were hypocalcemia, hypochloremia, and hypokalemia. Some of the cows had no acid-base imbalance, but metabolic alkalosis, respiratory alkalosis, and metabolic acidosis were found in other cows. Conversion to normal sinus rhythm (NSR) without specific therapy was documented by electrocardiography in 6 cows. In 7 of 9 cows treated with quinidine sulphate or quinidine gluconate, the AF converted to NSR. Quinidine plasma concentration at the time of conversion ranged from 2.2 to 24 micrograms/ml. Four cows died while they were hospitalized. Only 1 cow was in AF at the time of death and in no case was death attributed to AF. A follow-up on each of the survivors indicated that the persistence of AF was associated with poor performance and progressive cardiac disease, whereas conversion to NSR uniformly led to clinical improvement.
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PMID:Atrial fibrillation in cows: clinical findings and therapeutic considerations. 687 3

Thirteen infants, 2 to 10 months of age, developed hypochloremic alkalosis (serum chloride 59 to 92 mEq/l) while taking Neo-Mull-Soy (Syntex), a soy-based formula low in chloride (measured to be 0 to 2 mEq/l) but with considerable potassium citrate. Range of symptoms included lethargy, anorexia, mild spitting up, diarrhea, hematuria, and growth failure. Urine chloride excretion was less than 3 mEq/l. Plasma renin activity or aldosterone, measured in six infants, was elevated. All responded promptly to supplemental salt. One infant receiving Neo-Mull-Soy redeveloped alkalosis when supplemental salt was discontinued. Two of nine apparently normal infants receiving Neo-Mull-Soy also had hypochloremia (85, 86 mEq/l). Three of four receiving Prosobee (Mead Johnson; Cl content 7 mEq/l) had urine chloride concentration less than 20 mEq/l. The chloride content of some infant formulas is insufficient to offset salt losses following mild stress.
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PMID:Hypochloremic alkalosis in infants associated with soy protein formula. 718 58

Chloride deficiency signs were produced in young Holstein calves by a low chloride diet (.063% chlorine) and daily removal of chloride in abomasal contents. General clinical signs included anorexia, weights loss, lethargy, mild polydipsia, and mild polyuria. In latter stages of the deficiency, severe eye defects (scleral injection, sunken eyes, scaliness around eyes) and reduced respiration rate became evident. Feces contained varying amounts of blood and mucus. The chloride imbalance resulted in severe alkalosis and hypochloremia leading to secondary hypokalemia, hyponatremia, and azotemia. All deficient calves died after 24, 28, 38, and 46 days of treatment. Chloride concentrations of plasma in each of the calves just prior to death were similar at 31 to 35 meq/liter, which compares with normal 96 meq/liter. One additional calf made chloride deficient was recovered to normal health in 9 days following a single treatment with salt water and feeding of control diet containing .48% chlorine. Control calves fed a diet with .48% chlorine and which also had their abomasal contents removed daily grew normally and exhibited no deficiency signs. When dietary chloride was adequate, removal of abomasal contents (and chlorine) had no adverse effects on the animals.
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PMID:Chloride deficiency in Holstein calves from a low chloride diet and removal of abomasal contents. 719 42

Bumetanide and furosemide were compared for efficacy in reducing edema due to congestive heart failure in 28 patients (21 receiving bumetanide and seven receiving furosemide) in a long-term study for periods from one week to 18 months. In both groups the patients showed decreases in body weight, abdominal girth, edema, hepatomegaly, blood pressure, and heart rate. Commonly observed decreases frequently achieved statistical significance, more often with bumetanide, but the differences between treatments were rarely statistically significant. Both drugs were generally well tolerated. A breast nodule and gynecomastia were each reported once in the bumetanide group as was gynecomastia in one patient who had been on furosemide, all remotely related to test drugs. Soft stools, flatulence, mild constipation, and diminished vision each reported once in the bumetanide group were judged to be unrelated or remotely related to the drug therapy. Tendencies toward hypokalemia, hypochloremia, alkalosis, and hyperuricemia without clinical gout were deemed the result of the pharmacologic action of the diuretics. Others were attributable to the underlying disease state of these patients. Both diuretics proved to be effective in the treatment of cardiac edema and other manifestations of heart failure. Bumetanide treatment beyond six months in 11 patients indicated continued safety as well as efficacy.
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PMID:Comparative efficacy and safety of bumetanide and furosemide in long-term treatment of edema due to congestive heart failure. 733 79

Acid-base equilibrium and electrolyte balance were studied in 80 infants in the immediate postoperative period after surgery for ventricular septal defect under conditions of extracorporeal circulation. Decompensated metabolic alkalosis was the most characteristic disorder of acid-base equillibrium in patients with an uncomplicated postoperative period, whereas decompensated respiratory alkalosis and metabolic acidosis were characteristic of patients with compensated and decompensated forms of cardiac insufficiency. Plasma hypokaliemia and hypochloremia attended by intracellular retention of sodium were typical disorders of the electrolyte balance in all forms of changes in the acid-base equilibrium.
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PMID:[Acid-base state and the electrolyte balance of young infants in the immediate postoperative period after radical correction of an interventricular septal defect under artificial circulation]. 735 5

The role of renal ammonium excretion in the maintenance of chronic metabolic alkalosis is poorly defined, particularly under conditions in which the alkalosis is associated with secondary potassium depletion. Therefore, free-flow micropuncture experiments were performed to examine the effects of chronic chloride depletion metabolic alkalosis (CDAlk) on renal ammonium production, urinary ammonium excretion, and proximal convoluted tubule (PCT) ammonium transport in the rat in vivo. CDAlk was generated by peritoneal dialysis against NaHCO3 and maintained for 6-7 days by dietary Cl- restriction. Pair-fed controls were dialyzed against NaCl. Rats with CDAlk had elevated plasma HCO3- concentration, hypokalemia, and hypochloremia. HCO3- excretion was negligible in both control and CDAlk rats. Glomerular filtration rate and urine pH did not differ. CDAlk reduced urinary ammonium excretion by 35% but had no significant effect on whole kidney ammonium production. Net secretion of ammonium by the PCT was decreased by 70% and absolute delivery of ammonium out of the PCT was decreased by 55% in the CDAlk rats. The decrease in PCT ammonium secretion was the combined result of a decrease in net ammonium secretion along the early PCT and an increase in net ammonium absorption along the late PCT.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Effects of chronic Cl depletion alkalosis on proximal tubule transport and renal production of ammonium. 748 35

In 368 cows with various abomasal disorders--left abomasal displacement (LAD), right abomasal displacement (RAD), abomasal volvulus (AV) and abomasal impaction (vagal indigestion)--the degree of dehydration was compared with electrolytes and acid-base status of the cows. No clinical symptom of dehydration was observed in 62% of cases with LAD and 43% of cases with RAD. The cows were moderately and severely dehydrated in 86% of the cases with AV and 84% with abomasal impaction. Hypochloremic alkalosis was observed in cows with LAD only when the cows were severely dehydrated, but cows with RAD revealed less electrolytes and acid-base abnormalities despite the increase in the dehydration score. In cows with AV, the acid-base status could not be predicted by the degree of dehydration. Profound hypokalemia and hypochloremia were observed in cows with abomasal impaction for all dehydration states. These findings indicated that hypochloremic alkalosis could be predicted in cows with abomasal impaction for all dehydration states and in LAD cases with marked dehydration, but not in RAD cases.
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PMID:Relationship between degree of dehydration and serum electrolytes and acid-base status in cows with various abomasal disorders. 749 42

We described some experimental models that were performed in rabbits and in swine in order to evaluate the efficacy of haemoperfusion treatment in hypochloremic alkalosis, uraemia and cytotoxic drug poisoning. In all the models, an extracorporeal circuit was used constituted mainly by a hematic sampling line and a cartridge, containing an anion exchange resin. Access to the blood stream was achieved by isolation and catheterization of the vessels either of the neck or of the leg, or both. The experimental model for the evaluation of haemoperfusion in hypochloremic alkalosis was carried out in rabbits by a pyloric stenosis because its size and weight are similar to new-born humans and its stomach is a simple monogastric one. The hypochloremia and alkalosis were achieved in only 4 hours. The other two experimental models were carried out in pigs because, in these cases, it was better to choose a large size animal with a nutritional similarity to humans, and with the capability to produce a stable chronic renal failure. The pigs were submitted to a bilateral ureter ligature to create a chronic renal failure or to a bilateral renal vessel ligature to avoid the physiologic precipitation of some drugs in renal tubules.
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PMID:In vivo experimental models on the evaluation of haemoperfusion. 819 4

Horses competing in 3-day, combined-training events develop a metabolic acidosis that is partially compensated for by a respiratory alkalosis immediately after phases B and D. By the end of phase C and 30 minutes to 2 hours after phase D, the acidosis is resolved by the oxidation of lactate, and a metabolic alkalosis prevails. A reduction in TBW and cation content occurs, which often is not replenished 12 to 24 hours after the event, even though the serum or plasma concentration of various constituents may be within normal limits. Hypochloremia and hypocalcemia, however, may persist 12 or more hours after the speed and endurance test. All of the data cited in this article are from horses that successfully completed their respective tests. Nevertheless, some horses developed substantial fluid and cation losses. In horses that are not well conditioned or in competitions in which terrain, footing, or hot environments increase the thermal load or decrease heat loss, greater losses of fluids and electrolytes can be expected. Body weight losses exceeding 5% and cation losses exceeding 4000 mEq/L occur in endurance horses suffering from exhaustion and synchronous diaphragmatic flutter. In one study, two thirds of the Na+ lost during exercise-induced sweating in cool, dry conditions was replenished from salt supplements added to a balanced forage and concentrated diet. Consequently, horses in regular training and competition may benefit from salt supplementation. The composition of the salt supplement and the amount fed should be based on the composition of the horse's diet, degree of work, and environmental conditions. Horses competing in a 3-day, combined-training event may be expected to have persistent losses of weight and cations, particularly if conditions result in heavy sweating. Many horses in the field studies had minimal changes in weight and cation balance compared with pre-event values. The diet and electrolyte supplementation of the horses in the majority of these studies were unknown; consequently, no firm conclusions may be made regarding the degree of weight, water, and cationic losses. It is likely that the horse's large intestine serves as a reservoir for both fluid and electrolytes so that performance is not diminished, despite losses demonstrated consistently in treadmill studies. Horses that are inadequately trained or have other systemic or musculoskeletal problems or those that are competing in hot conditions may develop a variety of metabolic problems. It is hoped that knowledge of the fluid and electrolyte losses may help in treating horses with metabolic problems and, more importantly, in improving management of horses in training and competition to prevent any loss of performance.
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PMID:Fluid, electrolyte, and acid-base balances in three-day, combined-training horses. 956 92


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