Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UMLS:C0001577 (adnexitis)
 232 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The influence of copper versus norgestrel-releasing IUDs in cervical and vaginal microflora was investigated prior to and 3 and 12 months after IUD insertion. 90 women were provided with a levonorgestrel-releasing device, while another 50 women were fitted with a copper IUD. The use of an IUD did not lead to any obvious changes in the vaginal or cervical microflora, regardless of type of device. In addition, there were no significant differences in the distribution of various microorganisms between the 2 study groups. None of the study subjects developed pelvic inflammatory disease or symptoms of nonspecific vaginitis during the study period. On the basis of these findings, it was concluded that locally released progestogens from an IUD do not affect the microbiology of either the cervix or the vagina. Any increased risk of adnexitis or nonspecific vaginitis in IUD users thus appears to not result from changes in vaginal or cervical microflora.
 ...
PMID:Microflora of cervical and vaginal secretion in women using copper- and norgestrel-releasing IUCDs. 312 15

An analysis is presented of a study of the Copper-T 200 (CuT 200) IUD at the Barros Luco Hospital in Santiago, Chile over the August 16, 1976 June 30, 1978 period. 1142 IUDs were inserted in postpartum women, the majority of whom (96.1%) received their IUDs within 72 hours of giving birth. Data were recorded on standard forms designed to obtain demographic and medical information and were processed by the International Fertility Research Program (IFRP). The CuT 200 used in this study consisted of a plastic T-shaped device with 200 sq mm of copper wire wound around the vertical arm. The mean age of women in this study was 24.0 years; the mean number of live births was 2.4 57 (5.0%) of the women reported having had 1 or more induced abortions. There was no previous incidence of pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) reported by the patients, and none of them showed evidence of inflammation/infection of the genital organs at the time of insertion. There were no complications or complaints reported for women at insertion. There were no complications or complaints reported for women at insertion. 945 (82.7%) patients returned for 1 or more follow-up visits. Cervical perforation was found at follow-up in 2 (0.2%) women, and 9 (0.7%) women were hospitalized during the study period. From this latter group, women were hospitalized because of retained placentas and 2 women because of a perineotomy infection. 4 women were hospitalized for endometritis and 1 for the spontaneous abortion of a pregnancy conceived with the IUD in situ. 158 (13.8%) women were diagnosed as having 1 or more incidents of inflammation/infection. Included among these were 19 (1.7%) cases of adnexitis and 20 (1.8%) cases of endometritis. Dysmenorrhea was reported by 23.7% of the women. Intermenstrual bleeding/pain was reported by 297 (20.0%) of the women and 113 (9.9%) reported intermenstrual spotting. The continuation rate after 1 year was 55.5. The 3 month termination rates were 0.3 for accidental pregnancy, 32.1 for expulsion/displacement, 0.2 for bleeding/pain, and 1.3 for other medical reasons. Most expulsions occurred within 1 month postinsertion. 372 (32.6%) women who received CuT 200s in this study expelled them; 370 of them received a replacement IUD. 349 received a 2nd CuT 200 and 21 received Lippes Loop IUDs. 92.8% of the women who received replacement CuT 200s returned for follow-up and were diagnosed as having 1 or more infections. 19 of the women who expelled their 1st CuT and received a replacement also expelled their 2nd device and had a 3rd CuT 200 inserted. No complications or complaints were reported at insertion for this group. At follow-up 4 women were diagnosed with trichmonas and 1 with an unspecified inflammation/infection. 7 women expelled their IUDs and 1 woman had her IUD removed for other personal reasons.
 ...
PMID:Preliminary report on a postpartum CuT 200 study, Santiago, Chile. 613 98

Currently, the most used IUD's are those containing copper and the ones containing progestins. The foreign body reaction to these IUDs leads to biochemical and biological changes in the uterus which affect ovum and sperm transport and the development of the blastocyst. Copper augments this foreign body reaction and has a cytotoxic effect on sperm and blastocyst. Progesterone causes atrophy of the glands, a pseudodecidual stroma reaction of the endometrium and a change in blastocyst metabolism preventing implantation. Indications for IUD are: 1) older women with completed families, 2) between desired pregnancies, 3) with contraindications for hormonal contraception, 4) low compliance (e.g. mental disorders). Patients should be carefully examined before insertion of a well-fitting IUD. Patient education must include the occurrence of cramplike pain after insertion; light bleeding for a few days; more bleeding at first and, possibly, subsequent menstruation. Patients should be encouraged to see their doctor with more severe pain, bleeding, or fever. IUD should not be inserted immediately following pregnancy or abortion; higher expulsion and/or pregnancy rates have been observed with this in various studies. Follow-up with sonography after insertion should be done the 1st 2 months, then every 6 months. Pregnancy rates for various IUD's in the 1st year of use are between 0.5 and 2.6/100 women. Side effects of IUD's are spontaneous expulsion (1.4-15.7/100 women) in 1st year, bleeding disorders, pain, adnexitis, uterus perforation and ectopic pregnancy. Various contraindications for IUDs are listed. Indications for removal are: desire for children, pregnancy with in-situ IUD, pathological bleeding over more than 3 cycles, severe pain which does not disappear with spasmolytic analgesics, and occurrence of salpingitis.
 ...
PMID:[The intrauterine device from today's perspective]. 685 15

The two above IUDs were compared by application to 411 patients, with the Copper-T 200 being used on 239 and the Dana-Super-Fix-Cuprum on 172. Gravidity occurred to 2.9 or 5.8 per cent of all probands. The Pearl indices were 2.6 or 4.2. Spontaneous expulsion was observed in 2.5 or 3.5 per cent of all cases. Devices had to be extracted from 9.6 or 11.6 per cent of the patients. Adnexitis was diagnosed in 0.4 or 1.7 per cent of the cases. Continuity values were 85.0 per cent for the Copper-T-200 and 79.1 per cent for the Dana-Super-Fix-Cuprum. No substantial difference in effectiveness was found to exist between the two above copper-based intra-uterine devices.
 ...
PMID:[Comparison of intra-uterine devices, Copper-T-200 and Dana-Super-Fix-Cuprum (author's transl)]. 722 44

The history, current status, indications and contraindications for intrauterine contraception are described, information on safety and side effects is cited from the literature, and the experience of 1 clinic with IUDs is discussed. In 1976, 200,000 women in the German Democratic Republic used IUDs, or 50/1000 women aged 15-45. Intrauterine contraception had a slower and less steady development than oral contraception. The most widely used 2nd generation IUDs in East Germany were manufactured of plastic in the USSR, while the DANA copper and copper-T are the most widely used 3rd generation devices. The last days of the menstrual period are the best times for insertion, but placement immediately following abortion or birth is also possible. IUDs are indicated in cases where hormonal contraception is contraindicated. Contraindications to IUD use include suspicion of pregnancy, genital infection, atypical cytological finding, serious menstrual disturbances or bleeding of unknown cause, myomatous uterus, genital neoplasia, and deformation of the cervix or uterine cavity. The most significant complications and side effects of IUD use are bleeding disorders, dysmenorrhea, expulsion of the IUD, inflammation of the pelvic organs, undesired pregnancy, extrauterine pregnancy, and perforation of the uterus. Data from a gynecological clinic serving a predominantly rural area on 121 patients who used IUDs for a variety of reasons between June 1975 and August 1980 are presented. Observations covered a total of 4309 cycles and averaged 35.6 cycles per woman. Average age of patients was 31.7 years, no insertions were done in nulliparous patients, and the longest user had an IUD in place for 94 months. 29 patients had DANA superlux, 61 had DANA cor, 10 had DANA copper, and 21 had copper T devices. Complications and side effects were observed in 32 cases, including 19 cases of bleeding problems, of which 6 required removal; 5 of pregnancy, all of which were ended by abortions and which imply a Pearl Index of 1.4 pregnancies/100 woman years; 2 cases of adnexitis; and 2 cases of expulsion. 18 IUDs were removed, including 6 because of bleeding, 5 for pregnancy, 2 spontaneously expelled, 2 during hysterectomies, 2 because of desire for pregnancy, and 1 because of menopause.
 ...
PMID:[Intrauterine contraception from the viewpoint of an ambulatory gynecologic department]. 734 87

The levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system (LNG-IUS) is a highly reliable contraceptive device. It is a suitable method of contraception also for breast-feeding mothers, and for women who have completed their family it is a real alternative to sterilisation. In comparison with the copper-releasing intrauterine devices, the rates of ectopic pregnancies and adnexitis/pelvic peritonitis (PID) are reduced. In menstruating women the menstrual blood loss is lower and, correspondingly, dysmenorrhoea and/or iron-deficiency anaemia occur less frequently and when they do occur they are less severe. In hypermenorrhoea/menorrhagia the LNG-IUS is a therapeutic alternative to the surgical procedure. In the menopause and postmenopause the LNG-IUS is suitable for protection of the endometrium in women undergoing continuous estrogen replacement therapy.
 ...
PMID:[Levonorgestrel releasing intrauterine spiral--contraception and therapeutic indications]. 1129 37