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Query: UMLS:C0001511 (Adhesion)
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Crypt abscesses allow prolonged apposition of activated neutrophils to the epithelial surface of the colon. Adhesion of neutrophils to both the vascular endothelium and basolateral epithelial membrane share common effector molecules but are distinct processes. This study aimed to define the mechanisms that effect adhesion, independent of transmigration, to the apical epithelium. HT29 (cl 19A) cells were grown to confluency and incubated with neutrophils under conditions of: (i) neutrophil stimulation with phorbol-myristate-acetate; (ii) monolayer stimulation with interferon gamma, tumour necrosis factor alpha (IFN gamma, TNF alpha); and (iii) recent epithelial cell trypsinisation. These experiments were carried out in the presence of neutralising antibodies to CD18, CD11b, LFA-1, E-selectin, P-selectin, intracellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1), and ICAM-2; a novel CD11b/CD18 antagonist, neutrophil inhibitory factor (rNIF); adenosine receptor agonists (5'N-ethycarboxamido adenosine/N6-cylopentyladenosine (NECA/CPA)) and a platelet activating factor (PAF) receptor antagonist lexipafant. Adhesion of stimulated neutrophils to resting monolayers was Mac-1, CD18 dependent and ICAM-1, ICAM-2, E-selectin, P-selectin, PAF independent. Cytokine activated monolayers exhibited higher binding of neutrophils which was inhibited by rNIF and aCD18. Recently trypsinised monolayers bound neutrophils in a CD11b/CD18 and CD18 independent manner. Adenosine agonists failed to influence neutrophil adhesion under any condition. This study shows neutrophil adhesion to apical epithelial membranes is similar to that at the epithelial basolateral membrane, though different to that seen at the vascular endothelium. These results highlight regional differences in neutrophil adhesion molecule usage.
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PMID:Mechanisms underlying neutrophil adhesion to apical epithelial membranes. 880 Nov 97

Objectives:Citrobacter spp. especially Citrobacter freundii, is frequently causing nosocomial infections, and increasingly becoming multi-drug resistant (MDR). In this study, we aimed to determine the genetic diversity and relationships of Citrobacter spp. from diarrheal patients and food sources, their antimicrobial resistance profiles and in vitro virulence properties. Methods: Sixty two Citrobacter isolates, including 13 C. freundii, 41 C. youngae and eight C. braakii isolates, were obtained from human diarrheal patients and food sources. Multilocus Sequence Typing (MLST) of seven housekeeping genes and antimicrobial susceptibility testing using the broth microdilution method according to CLSI recommendations were carried out. Adhesion and cytotoxicity to HEp-2 cells were performed. PCR and sequencing were used to identify blaCTX-M, blaSHV, blaTEM and qnr genes. Results: The 62 isolates were divided into 53 sequence types (STs) with all STs being novel, displaying high genetic diversity. ST39 was a predominant ST shared by 5 C. youngae strains isolated from four foods and a diarrheal patient. All isolates were resistant to cefoxitin, and sensitive to imipenem, meropenem and amikacin. The majority of Citrobacter isolates (61.3%) were MDR of three or more antibiotics out of the 22 antibiotics tested. Two C. freundii isolates each carried the blaTEM-1 gene and a variant of qnrB77. Three Citrobacter isolates each carried qnrS1 and aac(6')-Ib-cr genes. Seven isolates that showed strong cytotoxicity to HEp-2 cells were MDR. Conclusions:Citrobacter spp. from human and food sources are diverse with variation in virulence properties and antibiotic resistance profiles. Food may be an important source of Citrobacter species in transmission to humans. C. freundii and C. youngae are potential foodborne pathogens.
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PMID:Antimicrobial Resistance and Cytotoxicity of Citrobacter spp. in Maanshan Anhui Province, China. 2877 15

Objectives:Citrobacter freundii is a frequent cause of nosocomial infections and a known cause of diarrheal infections, and has increasingly become multidrug resistant (MDR). In this study, we aimed to determine the genetic diversity, the antimicrobial resistance profiles and in vitro virulence properties of C. freundii from diarrheal patients and healthy individuals. Methods: 82 C. freundii isolates were obtained from human diarrheal outpatients and healthy individuals. Multilocus Sequence Typing (MLST) of seven housekeeping genes was performed. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was carried out using the disk diffusion method according to the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) recommendations. Adhesion and cytotoxicity to HEp-2 cells were assessed. PCR and sequencing were used to identify blaCTX-M, blaSHV, blaTEM, qnrA, qnrB, qnrS, qnrC, qnrD, aac(6')-Ib-cr, and qepA genes. Results: The 82 C. freundii isolates were divided into 76 sequence types (STs) with 65 STs being novel, displaying high genetic diversity. Phylogenetic analysis divided the 82 isolates into 5 clusters. All 82 isolates were sensitive to imipenem (IPM), but resistant to one or more other 16 antibiotics tested. Twenty-six isolates (31.7%) were multidrug resistant to three or more antibiotic classes out of the 10 distinct antibiotic classes tested. Five MDR isolates, all of which were isolated from 2014, harbored one or more of the resistance genes, blaTEM-1, blaCTX-M-9, aac(6')-Ib-cr, qnrS1, qnrB9, and qnrB13. All 11 qnrB-carrying C. freundii isolates belonged to cluster 1, and one C. freundii isolate carried a new qnrB gene (qnrB92). Six isolates showed strong cytotoxicity to HEp-2 cells, one of which was multidrug resistant. Conclusions:C. freundii isolates from human diarrheal outpatients and healthy individuals were diverse with variation in sequence types, antibiotic resistance profiles and virulence properties.
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PMID:Genetic Diversity, Multidrug Resistance, and Virulence of Citrobacter freundii From Diarrheal Patients and Healthy Individuals. 3005 Aug 70