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Query: UMLS:C0001486 (Adenovirus)
 3,125 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Transcription of Adenovirus 2 DNA (Ad 2 DNA) by wheat germ RNA polymerase II in vitro satisfies criteria that have been used to establish that Escherichia coli or coliphage transcription in vitro is initiated at true promoters. (1) Wheat germ RNA polymerase forms highly stable complexes at specific sites on Ad 2 DNA, with a Kassoc of (4--5) X 10(10) M-1. (2) Electron microscopic visualization of enzyme bound to Ad 2 DNA reveals the location of eight strong binding sites, at least five of which appear to correspond to promoters that have been identified in studies of Ad 2 transcription in vivo [Evans, R. M., Fraser, N., Ziff, E., Weber, J., Wilson, M., & Darnell, J.E. (1977) Cell 12, 733--739; Berk, A.J., & Sharp, P.A. (1977) Cell 12, 45--55; Weinmann, R., & Aiello, L. O. (1978) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 75, 1662--1666]. (3) Transcription of Ad 2 DNA from preformed complexes with wheat germ polymerase is capable of escaping the action of rifamycin AF/013 and is relatively resistant to polyriboinosinic acid. In addition, our results are consistent with a two-state model for the interaction of wheat germ RNA polymerase with Ad 2 DNA, indicating that the mechansisms of transcription initiation and promoter-site selection in eucaryotes may be very similar to mechanisms elucidated in procaryotic systems.
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PMID:Interaction between wheat germ RNA polymerase II and adenovirus 2 DNA. Evidence for two types of stable binary complexes. 46 76

Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) induces increased vessel permeability and formation of abnormal vessels. To investigate cerebral blood flow (CBF) during local overexpression of VEGF recombinant adenoviruses carrying the human VEGF165 complementary DNA (2.3 to 23. 108 pfu/mL) were injected stereotactically into the caudate nucleus of anesthetized rats. Saline and adenoviruses carrying the beta-galactosidase gene served as controls. Eleven days later (1) size and density of vessels were assessed in hematoxylin-eosin-stained sections, (2) vascular permeability was measured by intravenous Evans blue injections, and (3) local CBF (lCBF) was quantified using the iodo-[14C]antipyrine technique. Dose-dependent increases were found in (1) vessel density and size (only vessels >43 microm could be quantified morphologically), (2) Evans blue extravasation and brain edema formation, and (3) lCBF (up to eightfold). At medium doses, hyperemic areas and smaller areas of decreased lCBF were found. In low flow areas, vascular cross-sectional areas were increased 223-fold and vessel density up to 10-fold. In high flow areas, these parameters were increased 32-fold and up to 15-fold, respectively. Adenovirus mediated VEGF overexpression results in (1) increased vessel size and density, (2) areas of increased and of decreased flow, and (3) more and smaller vessels in high flow than in low flow areas. These results indicate a diverging flow pattern of newly formed vessels.
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PMID:Heterologous expression of human VEGF165 in rat brain: dose-dependent, heterogeneous effects on CBF in relation to vascular density and cross-sectional area. 1267 19

The highly developed endoplasmic reticulum (ER) structure of pancreatic beta-cells is a key factor in beta-cell function. Here we examined whether ER stress-induced activation of activating transcription factor (ATF)-6 impairs insulin gene expression via up-regulation of the orphan nuclear receptor small heterodimer partner (SHP; NR0B2), which has been shown to play a role in beta-cell dysfunction. We examined whether ER stress decreases insulin gene expression, and this process is mediated by ATF6. A small interfering RNA that targeted SHP was used to determine whether the effect of ATF6 on insulin gene expression is mediated by SHP. We also measured the expression level of ATF6 in pancreatic islets in Otsuka Long Evans Tokushima Fatty rats, a rodent model of type 2 diabetes. High glucose concentration (30 mmol/liter glucose) increased ER stress in INS-1 cells. ER stress induced by tunicamycin, thapsigargin, or dithiotreitol decreased insulin gene transcription. ATF6 inhibited insulin promoter activity, whereas X-box binding protein-1 and ATF4 did not. Adenovirus-mediated overexpression of active form of ATF6 in INS-1 cells impaired insulin gene expression and secretion. ATF6 also down-regulated pancreatic duodenal homeobox factor-1 and RIPE3b1/MafA gene expression and repressed the cooperative action of pancreatic duodenal homeobox factor-1, RIPE3b1/MafA, and beta-cell E box transactivator 2 in stimulating insulin transcription. The ATF6-induced suppression of insulin gene expression was associated with up-regulation of SHP gene expression. Finally, we found that expression of ATF6 was increased in the pancreatic islets of diabetic Otsuka Long Evans Tokushima Fatty rats, compared with their lean, nondiabetic counterparts, Long-Evans Tokushima Otsuka rats. Collectively, this study shows that ER stress-induced activation of ATF6 plays an important role in the development of beta-cell dysfunction.
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PMID:Endoplasmic reticulum stress-induced activation of activating transcription factor 6 decreases insulin gene expression via up-regulation of orphan nuclear receptor small heterodimer partner. 1845 Sep 59

Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is a degenerative muscle disease caused by genetic mutations that lead to the disruption of dystrophin in muscle fibers. There is no curative treatment for this devastating disease. Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat/Cas9 (CRISPR/Cas9) has emerged as a powerful tool for genetic manipulation and potential therapy. Here we demonstrate that CRIPSR-mediated genome editing efficiently excised a 23-kb genomic region on the X-chromosome covering the mutant exon 23 in a mouse model of DMD, and restored dystrophin expression and the dystrophin-glycoprotein complex at the sarcolemma of skeletal muscles in live mdx mice. Electroporation-mediated transfection of the Cas9/gRNA constructs in the skeletal muscles of mdx mice normalized the calcium sparks in response to osmotic shock. Adenovirus-mediated transduction of Cas9/gRNA greatly reduced the Evans blue dye uptake of skeletal muscles at rest and after downhill treadmill running. This study provides proof evidence for permanent gene correction in DMD.
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PMID:CRISPR-mediated Genome Editing Restores Dystrophin Expression and Function in mdx Mice. 2695 18