Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0001430 (adenoma)
 21,222 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Lauric acid diethanolamine condensate is widely used in cosmetics, shampoos, soaps, and related consumer products, to which there is extensive human exposure. Because of the lack of information about potential risks associated with long-term exposure, lauric acid diethanolamine condensate, coconut oil acid diethanolamine condensate, and oleic acid diethanolamine condensate were selected as representative of the class of diethanolamides for evaluation of prechronic toxicity and carcinogenic potential. Male and female F344/N rats and B6C3F1 mice were exposed to lauric acid diethanolamine condensate dermally for 14 weeks or 2 years. Genetic toxicology studies were conducted in Salmonella typhimurium, L5178Y mouse lymphoma cells, cultured Chinese hamster ovary cells, and mouse peripheral blood erythrocytes. 14-WEEK STUDY IN RATS: Groups of 10 male and 10 female rats were admin istered 0, 25, 50, 100, 200, or 400 mg lauric acid diethanolamine condensate/kg body weight in ethanol by dermal application for 14 weeks. All animals survived until study termination. Final mean body weights and body weight gains of males receiving 200 or 400 mg/kg were significantly less than those of the vehicle control group. Irritation of the skin at the site of application was observed in males receiving 100 mg/kg or greater and in females receiving 200 or 400 mg/kg. Kidney weights of females administered 200 or 400 mg/kg were significantly greater than those of the vehicle control group. There were dose-dependent increases in the incidences of nonneoplastic lesions of the skin at the site of application, including epidermal and sebaceous gland hyperplasia, chronic inflammation, parakeratosis, and ulcer. 14-WEEK STUDY IN MICE: Groups of 10 male and 10 female mice were admin istered 0, 50, 100, 200, 400, or 800 mg lauric acid diethanolamine condensate/kg body weight in ethanol by dermal application for 14 weeks. All animals survived until the end of the study, and final mean body weights and body weight gains of dosed mice were generally similar to those of the vehicle control groups. Irritation of the skin at the site of application was observed in all males and females administered 400 or 800 mg/kg. The kidney weights of males receiving 100, 400, or 800 mg/kg and females receiving 800 mg/kg were significantly greater than those of the vehicle controls. Liver weights of females administered 200 mg/kg or greater were significantly greater than those of vehicle controls. Increased incidences of nonneoplastic lesions of the skin at the site of application, including epidermal and sebaceous gland hyperplasia, chronic inflammation, parakeratosis, and ulcer, were observed in males and females receiving 200 mg/kg or greater. 2-YEAR STUDY IN RATS: Groups of 50 male and 50 female rats were admin istered 0, 50, or 100 mg lauric acid diethanolamine condensate/kg body weight in ethanol by dermal application for 104 or 105 weeks. Survival and Body Weights There were no significant differences between vehicle control and dosed males or females in survival or mean body weights. Pathology Findings There were no chemical-related differences in neoplasm incidences. Dose-related increases occurred in the incidences of nonneoplastic lesions of the skin at the site of application, including epidermal and sebaceous gland hyperplasia, hyperkeratosis, chronic inflammation, parakeratosis, and ulcer. 2-YEAR STUDY IN MICE: Groups of 50 male and 50 female mice were admin istered 0, 100, or 200 mg lauric acid diethanolamine condensate/kg body weight in ethanol by dermal application for 105 or 106 weeks. Survival and Body Weights There were no significant differences in survival between vehicle control and dosed males or females. Mean body weights of females that received 200 mg/kg were less than those of the vehicle controls beginning at week 33. Pathology Findings The incidences of hepatocellular adenoma or carcinoma (combined) were significantly increased in dosed females compared to the vehicle controls, as was the incidence of hepatocellular adenoma in the 100 mg/kg female group. There were dose-related increases in the incidences of nonneoplastic lesions of the skin at the site of application, including epidermal and sebaceous gland hyperplasia, hyperkeratosis, chronic inflammation, and parakeratosis. Dosed males had greater incidences of thyroid gland follicular cell focal hyperplasia than did the vehicle controls. GENETIC TOXICOLOGY: Lauric acid diethanolamine condensate was not mutagenic in Salmonella typhimurium strain TA97, TA98, TA100, or TA1535, with or without S9 metabolic activation enzymes. No increase in the frequency of mutant colonies of L5178Y mouse lymphoma cells was noted after exposure to lauric acid diethanolamine condensate, with or without S9. In cytogenetic tests with cultured Chinese hamster ovary cells, lauric acid diethanolamine condensate was shown to induce sister chromatid exchanges, but not chromosomal aberrations, with and without S9. In vivo, no increase in the frequency of micro nucleated normochromatic erythrocytes was observed in peripheral blood samples from male and female mice treated dermally with lauric acid diethanolamine condensate for 14 weeks. CONCLUSIONS: Under the conditions of these 2-year dermal studies, there was no evidence of carcinogenic activity of lauric acid diethanolamine condensate in male or female F344/N rats administered 50 or 100 mg/kg or in male B6C3F1 mice administered 100 or 200 mg/kg. There was some evidence of carcinogenic activity in female B6C3F1 mice based on increased incidences of hepatocellular neoplasms. These increases were associated with free diethanolamine, which was present as a contaminant of lauric acid diethanolamine condensate. Dermal administration of lauric acid diethanolamine condensate to rats and mice for 2 years resulted in increased incidences of epidermal and sebaceous gland hyperplasia, hyperkeratosis, chronic inflammation, and parakeratosis at the site of application. Lauric acid diethanolamine condensate administration also resulted in increased incidences of thyroid gland follicular cell hyperplasia in dosed male mice. Synonyms: N,N-bis(2-hydroxyethyl) dodecanamide; N,N-bis(hydroxyethyl) lauramide; N,N-bis(b-hydroxyethyl) lauramide; bis(2-hydroxyethyl) lauramide; coco diethanolamide; coconut oil amide of diethanolamine; diethanollauramide; N,N-diethanollauramide; N,N-diethanollauric acid amide; lauramide DEA; lauric diethanolamide; lauroyl diethanolamide; lauryl diethanolamide; LDA; LDE Trade names: Clindrol 200 L; Ninol AA62; Onyxol 345; Rewomid DLMS; Rewomid DL 203/S; Richamide 6310; Rolamid CD; Standamidd LD; Steinamid DL 203 S; Super amide L-9A; Super amide L-9C; Synotol L-60; Unamide J-56; Varamid ML 1.
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PMID:NTP Toxicology and Carcinogenesis Studies of Lauric Acid Diethanolamine Condensate (CAS NO. 120-40-1) in F344/N Rats and B6C3F1 Mice (Dermal Studies). 1257 83

Patients with low-stage, low-grade endometrial adenocarcinomas have a favorable prognosis; however, a subset has a risk of recurrence and death. We were interested in evaluating patterns of myometrial invasion and correlating them with clinical outcome to potentially identify patients at increased risk. A total of 324 cases of low-stage Grade 1 endometrial adenocarcinoma were reviewed to identify those with myoinvasion. The myoinvasive cases were classified on the basis of the pattern of invasion: infiltrating glands, microcystic elongated and fragmented (MELF; a distinctive histologic variant of the infiltrative gland pattern), broad front, adenomyosis like, and adenoma malignum. Depth of invasion and lymphovascular invasion were recorded, and a clinical follow-up of at least 2 y was obtained, as most recurrences occur in this time frame. Ninety-eight of 324 (30%) cases were invasive; 75 had >2 y of follow-up, with an average length of follow-up of >7 y (range, 24-154 mo; mean 87 mo). All patients had a hysterectomy and bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy; 39 (52%) also underwent a lymphadenectomy. Twenty-seven (36%) were superficially invasive (<10% myoinvasion), 42 (56%) invaded 10% to 49%, and 6 (8%) invaded >50%. Six (8%) cases exhibited cervical stromal invasion (Stage II); the rest were Stage I (65 IA, 4 IB). The invasive patterns consisted of infiltrative glands (48; 65%), a broad front (16; 21%), MELF (5; 7%), adenomyosis like (5; 7%), and adenoma malignum like (1, 1%). There were 65 Stage 1A cases and, of these, the myoinvasive pattern was as follows: 41 infiltrating glands, 15 broad front, 5 MELF, and 4 adenomyosis like. There were 4 Stage IB cases, of which 2 had infiltrating glands, 1 had adenoma malignum, and 1 displayed adenomyosis-like invasion. Six (8%) cases had cervical stromal invasion (Stage II), of which 5 had an infiltrative pattern of growth and 1 displayed a broad front. Lymphovascular invasion was noted in 6 cases (8%), all of which had infiltrative glands. The majority of Grade 1 endometrioid endometrial adenocarcinomas do not invade the myometrium. In cases with invasion, the infiltrative gland pattern was associated with higher stage, (3/4 Stage IB, 5/6 Stage II), lymphovascular invasion (4/6 cases), and recurrence (2/75 cases), suggesting that this growth pattern may be associated with tumors having other histologic features typically associated with more aggressive behavior.
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PMID:Low-grade, low-stage endometrioid endometrial adenocarcinoma: a clinicopathologic analysis of 324 cases focusing on frequency and pattern of myoinvasion. 2265 47

Intraoperative frozen section (IFS) on endometrial cancer is an invaluable skill for pathologists-in-training to master. Within limited time constraints, pathologists are expected to determine tumor type, grade, and depth of myometrial invasion. During their training, pathology residents gradually gain experience in handling the majority of cases. However, significant errors can still be seen among senior level trainees. We aimed to improve training effectiveness by evaluating our trainees' performance, identifying common errors, and recommending focused curriculum. Twenty-two residents [postgraduate year (PGY)-1-PGY-4] performed 260 IFS during a 4-yr period. We compared their independent IFS diagnoses with final diagnoses. Overall resident IFS accuracy was 73%. Accuracy for tumor type and depth of myometrial invasion was 80% and 93%, respectively. Two thirds of errors were due to sampling with the rest because of interpretation. Major deficiencies lay in recognizing high-risk histologic types (serous, clear cell, sarcoma) and unconventional myometrial invasion patterns (MELF, adenoma malignum, and adenomyosis-like). Resident IFS errors would theoretically result in suboptimal staging for 32 (12%) patients and unnecessary staging for 1 (0.4%). Overall IFS performance improved as training level increased (76% accuracy for PGY-1 accompanied by PGY-5; 59% for PGY-2; 74% for PGY-3; and 86% for PGY-4). We recommend a dedicated curriculum targeting these difficult yet clinically important entities through review literature and a collection of classic cases demonstrating the diverse morphology variations. Implementing such focused training would greatly improve our trainees' competence on IFS, preparing them to handle a wide variety of cases and situations in future practice.
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PMID:Assessing Residents' Frozen Section Skills for Endometrial Cancer. 2659 84

MELF invasion has been associated with nonvaginal recurrences and lymph node (LN) metastases in multi-institutional case control studies but has not been well examined in large single-institution cohorts. Hysterectomy specimens with FIGO 1 endometrioid endometrial carcinoma and lymphadenectomies from 2007 to 2012 were identified. Electronic medical records and histologic slides were reviewed. Of 464 identified cases, 163 (35.1%) were noninvasive, 60 (12.9%) had MELF, 222 (47.8%) had a component of the infiltrative invasion pattern without MELF, 13 (2.8%) had pure pushing borders of invasion, 5 (1.1%) had pure adenomyosis-like invasion, and 1 (0.2%) had pure adenoma malignum-like invasion. Sixteen cases had LN metastases. Significantly more MELF cases had positive LNs than non-MELF cases overall (18.3% vs. 1.2%, P<0.001). The results were almost identical when invasive infiltrative cases with and without MELF were compared (18.3% vs. 1.8%, P<0.001). The maximum number of MELF glands per slide did not differ between cases with and without LN metastases, P=0.137. A majority of positive LNs, even in MELF cases, demonstrated nonhistiocyte-like metastases. Only 5 cases (all with MELF invasion) demonstrated micrometastatic lesions or isolated tumor cells only. MELF cases demonstrated a nonsignificant decrease in time to extravaginal recurrence (P=0.082, log-rank test), for which analysis was limited by low recurrence rates. In summary, MELF is associated with LN metastases, even when compared with other infiltrative cases and shows multiple patterns of growth in positive LNs. MELF cases additionally trended toward decreased time to extravaginal recurrence.
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PMID:The Microcystic, Elongated, and Fragmented (MELF) Pattern of Invasion: A Single Institution Report of 464 Consecutive FIGO Grade 1 Endometrial Endometrioid Adenocarcinomas. 2870 Mar 85

Low-grade and early Federation for Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO) stage endometrioid endometrial carcinomas (EEC) have an excellent prognosis. However, approximately 10% of patients develop recurrence, which cannot be correctly predicted at diagnosis. We evaluated myoinvasive patterns as a prognostic factor of relapse in low-grade, early-stage EEC. Two-hundred and fifty-eight cases were selected according to the following inclusion criteria: (i) endometrioid endometrial carcinomas, (ii) grade 1 or 2 with (iii) FIGO stage I or II, and (iv) clinical follow-up. Slides were reviewed to annotate the myoinvasive pattern present in each case (infiltrative glands, microcystic, elongated and fragmented -MELF-, broad front, adenomyosis-like and adenoma malignum). Microsatellite instability was studied by immunoexpression of mismatch repair proteins (MLH1, PMS2, MSH2, and MSH6). There were 29 recurrences (11.2%) among the 258 cases analysed. A predominant broad front myoinvasive pattern was significantly associated with tumour relapse (p = 0.003). The presence of a pattern of infiltrative glands (p = 0.001) and microsatellite instability (p = 0.004) were associated with lower disease-free survival, without having an impact on overall survival. Our observations suggest the potential value of the pattern of myoinvasion as a prognostic factor in low-grade, early-stage endometrioid endometrial carcinoma.
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PMID:Myoinvasive Pattern as a Prognostic Marker in Low-Grade, Early-Stage Endometrioid Endometrial Carcinoma. 3176 22