Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0001430 (adenoma)
 21,222 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Lung adenomas were induced in strain A mice by chronic treatment with N-nitroso compounds (given in drinking water) and with amines or ureas in food plus NaNO2 in drinking water. We studied the effects of varying the concentrations of three N-nitroso compounds and NaNO2 concentration in the morpholine plus NaNO2 and methylurea plus NaNO2 systems. Sodium ascorbate (NaASC) at the highest level tested (11.5 or 23 g/kg food) gave 89-98% inhibition of adenoma induction by the NaNO2 plus piperazine, morpholine, and methylurea systems. In 7 groups, NaASC produced increases of 15-59% in adenoma induction by nitrosomorpholine (NM) and mononitrosopiperazine (MNP), possibly because the mice consumed more of the nitrosamine solution. Adenoma induction by morpholine plus NaNO2 was strongly inhibited by gallic acid, moderately inhibited by caffeine, and unaffected by thiocyanate (all added to the food). Gallic acid inhibited or had no effect on the action of NM and MNP. We discussed the proposal that NaASC (or perhaps gallic acid) be administered with readily nitrosatable drugs.
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PMID:Induction of mouse lung adenomas by amines or ureas plus nitrite and by N-nitroso compounds: effect of ascorbate, gallic acid, thiocyanate, and caffeine. 115 40

Propyl gallate is a white to nearly white odorless powder having a slightly bitter taste. Solutions of propyl gallate turn dark in the presence of iron or iron salts. Propyl gallate has been used since 1948 as an antioxidant to stabilize cosmetics, food packaging materials, and foods containing fats. As an additive, it may be found in edible fats, oils, mayonnaise, shortening, baked goods, candy, dried meat, fresh pork sausage, and dried milk, and it is used in hair grooming products, pressure-sensitive adhesives, lubricating oil additives, and transforming oils. A NTP Carcinogenesis bioassay of propyl gallate was conducted by feeding diets containing 6,000 or 12,000 ppm propyl gallate to groups of 50 F344/N rats and 50 B6C3F1 mice of each sex for 103 weeks. Groups of 50 untreated rats and 50 untreated mice of each sex served as controls. Survival of rats and mice was not adversely affected by propyl gallate, but mean body weights of dosed rats and mice of each sex were lower than those of the controls. At 104 weeks, mean body weights of low-and high-dose rats were 4% and 8% lower than those of the controls for males and 11% and 19% lower than those of the controls for females. Similarly, mean body weights of low-and high-dose mice were 5% and 8% lower than those of the controls for males and 11% (both dose groups) lower than those of the controls for females. Thyroid follicular-cell adenomas or carcinomas (combined) occurred in male rats with a statistically significant (P<0.05) positive trend, but the incidences in the dosed groups were not statistically significant in direct comparisons with the control groups. Moreover, the incidence of high-dose male rats with follicular-cell tumors (3/50, 6%) was not statistically different from the historical control rate (14/584, 2.4%) for the laboratory that conducted this bioassay. Rare tumors (an astrocytoma or a glioma) were found in the brains of two low-dose female rats. The incidence of all brain tumors in the Bioassay Program is only 0.86%. The absence of this tumor in the high-dose female rat group reduces the likelihood that this tumor is related to propyl gallate administration. Increased incidences of hepatic cytoplasmic vacuolization and suppurative inflammation of the prostate were observed in dosed male rats. These findings were considered to be related to administration of propyl gallate. Tumors (mostly benign) of the preputial gland, islet-cell tumors of the pancreas, and pheochromocytomas of the adrenal gland were observed with significantly (P<0.05) higher incidences in the low- dose male rats, but there was little evidence of an effect in the high-dose group. The incidences of male rats with tumors of the preputial gland were 1/50 (2%) for controls, 8/50 (16%) for the low-dose, and 0/50 (0%) for the high-dose group. Islet-cell tumors of the pancreas occurred in 2/50 (4%) control males, 9/50 (18%) low-dose males, and 4/50 (8%) for high-dose males. Pheochromocytomas of the adrenal gland were observed in 4/50 (8%) control males, 13/48 (25%) low-dose males, and 8/50 (16%) high-dose males. Negative trends (P<0.05) were observed for leukemia in male rats (16/50, 7/50, 6/50) and for fibroadenomas of the mammary gland in female rats (11/50, 2/50, 5/50). In male mice, malignant lymphoma was observed with a significantly (P</=0.014) positive trend (control, 1/50, 2%; low-dose, 3/49, 6%; high-dose, 8/50, 16%), and the incidence in the high-dose group was significantly (P</=0.028) higher than that observed in the concurrent controls. However, the high-dose incidence was not statistically different from the historical rate (60/640, 9.4%) for the laboratory that conducted this bioassay. Adenomas of the liver in female mice occurred with a statistically significant (P</=0.022) positive trend, and the incidence in the high-dose group was significantly (P</=0.039) higher than that of the controls (0/50, 0%; 2/50, 4%; 5/49, 10%). The incidences of hepatocellular adenomas or carcinomas (combined) were similar in control and dosed groups (3/50, 6%; 3/50, 6%; 5/49, 10%). Negative&percnt;; 2/50, 4&percnt;; 5/49, 10&percnt;). The incidences of hepatocellular adenomas or carcinomas (combined) were similar in control and dosed groups (3/50, 6&percnt;; 3/50, 6&percnt;; 5/49, 10&percnt;). Negative trends (P&lt;0.05) were obtained for fibromas of the skin or subcutaneous tissue in male mice (5/50, 1/49, 0/50). Under the conditions of this bioassay, propyl gallate was not considered carcinogenic for F344/N rats, although there was evidence of an increased proportion of low-dose male rats with preputial gland tumors, islet-cell tumors of the pancreas, and pheochromocytomas of the adrenal glands; rare tumors of the brain occurred in two low-dose females. Propyl gallate was not considered to be carcinogenic for B6C3F1 mice of either sex, although the increased incidence of malignant lymphoma in male mice may have been related to the dietary administration of propyl gallate. Levels of Evidence of Carcinogenicity: Male Rats: Equivocal Female Rats: Negative Male Mice: Equivocal Female Mice: Negative Synonyms: 2,4,5 trihydroxybenzoic acid propyl ester; gallic acid propyl ester; Progallin P; Tennox PG
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PMID:NTP Carcinogenesis Bioassay of Propyl Gallate (CAS No. 121-79-9) in F344/N Rats and B6C3F1 Mice (Feed Study). 1275 Jul 52

An extract of the Mediterranean carob (Ceratonia siliqua L.) pod (carob fibre extract), products formed after its fermentation by the gut flora and the major phenolic ingredient gallic acid (GA), were comparatively investigated for their influence on survival and growth parameters of colon adenocarcinoma HT29 cells and adenoma LT97 cells. Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) formation in the cell culture media was quantified. After 1h 97+/-4 microM or 70+/-15 microM were found in HT29 medium and 6+/-1 microM or 3+/-3 microM in LT97 medium for carob fibre extract or GA, respectively. After 72 h carob fibre extract reduced survival of rapidly proliferating HT29 cells (by 76.4+/-12.9%) whereas metabolic activity and DNA-synthesis were only transiently impaired. Survival of slower growing LT97 cells was less decreased (by 21.5+/-12.9%), but there were marked effects on DNA-synthesis (reduction by 95.6+/-7%, 72 h). GA and fermented carob fibre did not have comparable effects. Thus, carob fibre extract resulted in H2O2 formation, which, however, could not explain impairment of cell growth. The differently modulated growth of human colon cell lines was more related to proliferation rates and impairment of DNA-synthesis than to H2O2 formation.
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PMID:Carob fibre compounds modulate parameters of cell growth differently in human HT29 colon adenocarcinoma cells than in LT97 colon adenoma cells. 1795 May 17

Phenolic ingredients of an aqueous carob extract are well characterized and consist of mainly gallic acid (GA). In order to assess possible chemopreventive mechanisms of carob, which can be used as a cacao substitute, effects on expression of genes related to stress response and drug metabolism were studied using human colon cell lines of different transformation state (LT97 and HT29). Stress-related genes, namely catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD2), were induced by carob extract and GA in LT97 adenoma, but not in HT29 carcinoma cells. Although corresponding protein products and enzyme activities were not elevated, pretreatment with carob extract and GA for 24 h reduced DNA damage in cells challenged with hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)). In conclusion, carob extract and its major phenolic ingredient GA modulate gene expression and protect colon adenoma cells from genotoxic impact of H(2)O(2). Upregulation of stress-response genes could not be related to functional consequences.
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PMID:Does an extract of carob (Ceratonia siliqua L.) have chemopreventive potential related to oxidative stress and drug metabolism in human colon cells? 1929 75