Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UMLS:C0001430 (adenoma)
 21,222 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

We reported a case of mixed tumor arising in the vagina of a 32-year-old Japanese woman. The tumor was a finger-like polyp protruded from the lower portion of the vagina. The histologic feature of the tumor resembled that of pleomorphic adenoma of the salivary gland, consisting of stromal-type cells embedded in the myxomatous stroma, although there was no cartilagenous component. Immunohistochemical study also suggested resemblance to pleomorphic adenoma of salivary gland, being positively stained with antibodies against cytokeratin, epithelial membrane antigen, vimentin and muscle actin, but negatively with an antibody against S-100 protein. The histogenesis of the tumor is not clear, but it may be originated from myoepithelial cells.
 ...
PMID:A case report of mixed tumor arising in the vagina. 132 4

A rare case of pleomorphic adenoma in the external nose is reported. As a result of studies on the correlation between the sites of occurrence of pleomorphic adenomas reported and the sites of secretory glands with myoepithelial cells, it is found that pleomorphic adenomas occur in all secretory glands with myoepithelial cells. There are distinctive differences in the incidence in each part of the body, and in the hollow organs in the digestive and respiratory tracts: it is high in the face and decreases as the sites become farther away from the face. In the integumentary system, it is also high in the face. However, pleomorphic adenomas occurring in secretory glands without myoepithelial cells, and in non-glandular tissue such as the middle ear, paranasal sinuses, mesangial sinuses, vagina and tests can be considered either as those where glandular tissue and myoepithelial cells mingled during development (and thus are ectopic) or as those when invasion into adjacent organs occurred as the pathologic lesion (pleomorphic adenoma) expanded.
 ...
PMID:[A study on development site of pleomorphic adenoma--a rare case report in external nose]. 166 67

A case of pleomorphic adenoma of the vagina in a 44-year-old woman was described. The tumor was a submucosal mass measuring 3.5 X 2 X 2 cm and located in the left lateral wall 1.5 cm inside the introitus. Histologically, it was predominantly composed of sheets and strands of spindle-shaped or polygonal cells focally dispersed in the myxoid tissue to form pseudomicrocysts. Ultrastructure demonstrated the basal lamina, desmosomes, variable amounts of filaments of both intermediate and microfilament, and occasionally microvilli in these tumor cells indicating that dominant cells were myoepithelial in nature. With immunohistochemical studies, keratin and cytokeratin were positive, whereas, S-100 protein, glial fibrillary acidic protein, vimentin, secretory component, and lysozyme were negative. The previously published cases were reviewed and compared with the present case.
 ...
PMID:Pleomorphic adenoma with a predominantly myoepithelial proliferation of the vagina. 303 95

Gentian violet is a dye belonging to a chemical class known as the di- and triaminophenylmethanes. Although it has been used for many years for the control of fungal and intestinal parasites, for various uses in veterinary medicine, and as an additive to the feed of chickens to inhibit propagation of mold and fungus, very few long-term toxicity data are available. A life span dosing study of gentian violet in the diet of 720 males and 720 females of B6C3F1 mice (C57BL/6 X C3H) at dose levels of 0, 100, 300, and 600 ppm was done to determine its toxicity and carcinogenicity. Sacrifices were conducted after 12, 18, and 24 months of continuous dosing. There was no effect on food consumption or body weight gain; however, a dose effect was noted for mortality rates. Mortality (adjusted for sacrifices) in the controls of both sexes was less than 15% at 24 months, but was approximately 64% in the females and 23% in the males given the high dose. Females appeared to be more susceptible than males. A positive dose response for hepatocellular carcinoma was noted in males at 24 months and in females at 18 and 24 months. Statistical tests for dose-related trends with respect to mortality due to liver neoplasms, prevalence of liver neoplasms, and time to onset of liver neoplasms showed positive trends in both males and females. Other dose-related toxicological responses, particularly in the female mice, included erythropoiesis in the spleen, atrophy of the ovaries, adenoma of the Harderian gland, and the presence of type A reticulum cell sarcomas in the urinary bladder, uterus, ovaries, and vagina. The estimation of risk of 10(-6) over background for malignant liver neoplasms using linear extrapolations showed a lower bound on the virtually safe dose (VSD) to be 2 ppb for the female mice and 1 ppb for the male mice. For benign and malignant liver tumors together, the lower bound on the VSD was essentially the same as for malignant liver neoplasm alone. Under the conditions of the experiment described above, gentian violet appears to be a carcinogen in mice at several different organ sites.
 ...
PMID:Chronic toxicity and carcinogenicity studies of gentian violet in mice. 406 63

The antifertility drug, Enovid, was tested for possible carcinogenicity in female mice of 5 specially selected strains: BALB/c, C3H, C3HfB, A, and C57BI. Enovid was chosen for testing since it is one of the most widely used oral contraceptives. The 5 strains of mice provided maximum genetic variation in the test animals. The drug was fed at 3 dose levels: 5 mcg/gm, 10 mcg/gm and 20 mcg/gm of food. The lowest dose did not prevent reproduction. The 10 mcg dose prevented some females from reproducing. The 20 mcg dose prevented all females from reproducing. The strains of mice differed in their response to Enovid. Weight gain was reduced in all strains. Effect on life-span varied, partly because of the tumors. Cervical and vaginal lesions showed invasion of the epithelium into the stroma but was limited, with few exceptions to the BALB/c females. In the BALB/c strain these lesions occurred in controls as well, but showed more progression and a higher incidence with the highest dose of Enovid. None of these lesions appeared grossly as tumors and none had extended beyond the vaginal wall or metastasized. They were observed only on histologic sections. Neither ovarian nor mammary gland tumors were increased in any strain. In the C3H strain such tumors seemed to be inhibited. In the C3HfB strain there was some inhibition of hepatomas and in the BALB/c strain some inhibition of adrenocortical adenoma. Chromophobe adenomas of the hypophysis were significantly increased in old C57BI females treated with the highest dose of Enovid. Offspring of Enovid-treated females showed no abnormalities. Enovid increased the occurrence and may have advanced the progression of epithelial lesions of the cervix and vagina of old BALB/c females. A study of the lesions in untreated females of this strain might help the understanding of carcinoma in situ in women and possibly the appearance of adeno-carcinoma of the vagina of young women whose mothers had been treated with stilbestrol during the first trimester to maintain pregnancy. Other neoplasms in this strain were not increased by the Enovid therapy. In the C3H strain mammary tumors were reduced by the Enovid and those that did occur were found later than in controls. Results from experimental animals should be applied to humans with care. Such results are of greatest value in directing attention to certain areas for investigation.
 ...
PMID:Effects of the antifertility drug enovid in five strains of mice, with particular regard to carcinogenesis. 435 48

N-Nitroso-2-methoxy-2,6-dimethylmorpholine (MeNDMM), a cyclic derivative of the proposed proximate pancreatic carcinogen N-nitroso(2-hydroxypropyl) (2-oxopropyl)amine (HPOP), is shown to have an almost selective cytotoxic effect on pancreatic beta-cells when a single high dose is given to Syrian hamsters. Hence in this aspect its effect is comparable to that of streptozotocin, which has a glucose moiety similar to the MeNDMM structure. However, contrary to the effect of streptozotocin, low single (subdiabetogenic) doses of MeNDMM led to the development of pancreatic ductular and mixed ductular-insular neoplasms; only 1 animal also had islet cell adenoma. It therefore seems that MeNDMM possesses an affinity for both endocrine and exocrine pancreatic tissue. Other target tissues of MeNDMM were the forestomach, intra- and extrahepatic bile ducts, liver, kidneys and vagina. The tumors of these organs appeared in various incidences, partially in relation to dose and/or survival time. The possible mechanisms of the MeNDMM effect upon the endocrine and the exocrine pancreas is discussed.
 ...
PMID:The effect of N-nitroso-2-methoxy-2,6-dimethylmorpholine on endocrine and exocrine pancreas of Syrian hamsters. 627 93

Of a total of 1445 sows, tumors were detected in the uterus of 11 animals and in the cervix/vagina of 1 animal. Tumor-like lesions were detected in the ovary of 56 animals. The incidence of tumors was higher than that mentioned in the literature, possibly because of the relatively high age of the sows (mean parity of 6.8) and the accuracy of investigation. Several tumors would not have been detected during routine slaughter examination. The uterine tumors were diagnosed as leiomyoma (6), fibroma (3), cyst-adenoma (1) and fibro-leiomyoma (1). The cervical/vaginal tumor appeared to be a fibroma. The ovarian lesions could not be satisfactorily classified. They consisted of connective tissue, blood vessels, and granulosa cells, which were present in variable quantities in different ovaries and in different sides of the same ovary. Sows with tumors were older than the mean determined age at slaughter (parity 6.8). Sows with uterine and cervical/vaginal tumors had a parity of 11.6; sows with ovarian lesions had a parity of 9.0. Sows with uterine- or a cervical/vaginal tumor were often slaughtered for infertility reasons.
 ...
PMID:Tumors and tumor-like lesions in the genitalia of sows. 674 Aug 96

3'-Azido-3'-deoxythymidine (AZT) is the most widely used and evaluated chemotherapeutic agent for the treatment of persons with acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) and persons seropositive for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). The National Cancer Institute nominated AZT for toxicity and carcinogenicity studies because of the impending large-scale use of AZT in the treatment of adult patients with AIDS or AIDS-related complex. alpha-Interferon A/D, which displays antiviral activity in mice, is a hybrid molecule composed of the N-terminal portion of human alpha-interferon A and the C-terminal portion of human alpha-interferon D. AZT and alpha-interferon A/D combination studies were conducted because in vitro studies of AZT and alpha-interferon have demonstrated that the combination is more effective in blocking HIV infection than either agent alone. Male and female B6C3F1 mice received AZT (approximately 98% pure) in 0.5% aqueous methylcellulose by gavage for 14 weeks or 2 years. In addition, male and female B6C3F1 mice received alpha-interferon A or alpha-interferon A/D by subcutaneous injection for 2 years, and male and female B6C3F1 mice received AZT in 0.5%% aqueous methylcellulose by gavage in combination with alpha-interferon A/D by subcutaneous injection for 2 years. Genetic toxicology studies were conducted in Salmonella typhimurium, cultured Chinese hamster ovary cells, mouse bone marrow erythrocytes, and mouse peripheral blood erythrocytes. 14-WEEK AZT STUDY: Groups of 10 male and 10 female mice received AZT in 0.5% methylcellulose by gavage at doses of 0, 50, 100, 200, 800, or 2,000 mg/kg daily for 14 weeks. Additional groups of 10 male and 10 female mice received AZT in 0.5% methylcellulose by gavage at doses of 0, 100, 800, or 2,000 mg/kg daily for 14 weeks and then were held without treatment for an additional 4 weeks before necropsy. One female receiving 100 mg/kg and two females receiving 200 mg/kg died during week 1 as a result of gavage trauma; one female receiving 2,000 mg/kg also died prior to the end of the 14-week dosing period. One female receiving 2,000 mg/kg in the recovery study also died from gavage trauma during week 1. The final mean body weights of dosed mice were similar to those of the vehicle control groups at the end of the dosing period and at the end of the recovery period. Female mice receiving 200, 800, or 2,000 mg/kg gained less weight than the vehicle controls during the 14-week dosing period. Exposure to AZT was toxic to the bone marrow, resulting in significant changes in the peripheral blood (decreased hematocrit values, erythrocyte counts, and hemoglobin concentrations, and increased mean cell volume and mean cell hemoglobin) and bone marrow (erythroid hypoplasia) characteristic of a dose- and time-dependent, minimal to moderate, poorly regenerative macrocytic anemia. At the end of the 4-week recovery period, the hematology parameters had returned to normal, indicating that the hematotoxicity was reversible. 2-YEAR STUDIES: AZT Groups of 95 male and 95 female mice received AZT in 0.5% methylcellulose by gavage at daily doses of 0, 30, 60, or 120 mg/kg body weight, administered as two equal doses at least 6 hours apart, 5 days per week for 105 weeks. Each group of 95 animals was composed of a core group of 50 animals for evaluation of carcinogenic response, a group of 30 animals for evaluation of hematology and bone marrow cellularity, and a group of 15 animals from which blood was drawn for determination of plasma AZT concentrations at week 54. alpha-Interferon A/D and AZT/alpha-Interferon A/D Studies Groups of 80 male and 80 female mice received AZT in 0.5% aqueous methylcellulose by gavage at daily doses of 0, 30, 60, or 120 mg/kg body weight, given in two equal doses, 5 days per week for 105 weeks. Those groups receiving AZT also received sub-cutaneous injections of 500 or 5,000 U alpha-interferon A/D three times per week for 105 weeks. Additional groups of 80 male and 80 female mice received subcutaneous injections of the vehicle, 500 U alpha-interferon A/D, 5,000 Uutaneous injections of the vehicle, 500 U α-interferon A/D, 5,000 U α-interferon A/D, or 5,000 U α-interferon A, three times per week for 105 weeks. Each group of 80 animals was composed of a core group of 50 animals for evaluation of carcinogenic response and a group of 30 animals for evaluation of hematology and bone marrow cellularity. Because of the large number of animals involved, the 2-year studies were started in four phases and, for clarity, are presented as follows: the AZT study, the α-interferon A/D study, the AZT/500 U α-interferon A/D study, and the AZT/5,000 U α-interferon A/D study. Design of the 2-year AZT, AZT/α-Interferon A/D, and α-Interferon A/D Studies AZT Dose AZT Study AZT/500 U α-Interferon A/D Study AZT/5,000 U α-Interferon A/D Study 500 or 5,000 U α-Interferon A/D or 5,000 U α-Interferon A Study Vehicle Control 95 male and 95 female micea 80 male and 80 female miceb 80 male and 80 female miceb 80 male and 80 female miceb 30 mg/kg AZT 95 male and 95 female mice 80 male and 80 female mice 80 male and 80 female mice none 60 mg/kg AZT 95 male and 95 female mice 80 male and 80 female mice 80 male and 80 female mice none 120 mg/kg AZT 95 male and 95 female mice 80 male and 80 female mice 80 male and 80 female mice none aFor the AZT study, there were 95 male and 95 female mice; these were divided into 50 males and 50 females in the core groups, 30 males and 30 females in the clinical pathology groups (hematology and bone marrow analyses only), and 15 males and 15 females for plasma AZT concentration determinations. bFor the α-interferon A/D study and the AZT/α-interferon A/D studies, there were 80 male and 80 female mice for each study; these were divided into 50 males and 50 females in the core groups and 30 males and 30 females in the clinical pathology groups (hematology and bone marrow analyses only). Survival and Body Weights Survival and mean body weights of mice exposed to AZT, α-interferon A, α-interferon A/D, or AZT plus α-interferon A/D were generally similar to those of the vehicle control groups. Hematology and Bone Marrow Analyses All groups of male and female mice receiving AZT exhibited changes in peripheral blood and bone marrow characteristic of a dose- and time-dependent, minimal to mild, macrocytic, nonresponsive anemia. In females, these changes were evident throughout the study. In males, the macrocytic anemia had resolved by week 80 in the 30 mg/kg group; at study termination erythrocyte macrocytosis was present only in males receiving 60 or 120 mg/kg AZT or AZT plus α-interferon A/D. There were no treatment-related alterations in hematology or bone marrow parameters in groups that received only α-interferon A or A/D. Pathology Findings Incidences of squamous cell carcinoma and squamous cell papilloma or carcinoma (combined) of the vagina occurred with a positive trend and were significantly increased in groups of female mice receiving 60 or 120 mg/kg AZT alone or in combination with α-interferon A/D. Epithelial hyperplasia was observed in all dosed groups of females, and the incidence was significantly increased in the 120 mg/kg AZT group. Three renal tubule adenomas and one renal tubule carcinoma were observed in male mice receiving 120 mg/kg AZT; the combined incidence in this group exceeded the range in historical controls. A renal tubule adenoma was observed in one male receiving 60 mg AZT/kg and 500 U α-interferon A/D; how ever, none were observed in other groups. Evaluation of step sections revealed a few more renal tubule hyperplasias but no additional neoplasms. The incidence of harderian gland adenoma was increased in male mice receiving 120 mg/kg AZT and exceeded the range in historical controls. Harderian gland neoplasms were observed in other groups but did not follow a treatment-related pattern. Overall Incidences of Vaginal Neoplasms and Hyperplasia of the Vaginal Epithelium in Female Mice in the 2-Year Gavage Studies of AZT and AZT/α-Interferon A/Da Vehicle Control 30 mg AZT/kg 60 mg AZT/kg 120 mg AZT/kg AZT alone 2/197 (1%)b 1/197 0/49 (0%) 3/49 5/45 (11%%) 4/45 11/49 (22%%) 11/49 500 U α-Interferon A/D 0/49 (0%%) 0/49 0/44 (0%) 4/44 5/48 (10%) 8/48 6/48 (13%) 12/48 5,000 U α-Interferon A/D 1/50 (2%) 1/50 1/48 (2%) 4/48 5/48 (10%) 8/48 4/50 (8%) 15/50 aData are presented as number of vaginal neoplasms/number of animals microscopically examined (first line) and number of vaginal hyperplasias/number of animals microscopically examined (second line) bCombined incidences of controls from the AZT alone study and the AZT/α-interferon A/D studies; incidences in the vehicle control group from the AZT alone study are 0/50 (0%%) (neoplasms) and 0/50 (hyperplasia) Overall Incidence of Harderian Gland Neoplasms in Male Mice in the 2-Year Gavage Studies of AZT and AZT/α-Interferon A/Da Vehicle Control 30 mg AZT/kg 60 mg AZT/kg 120 mg AZT/kg AZT alone 13/200 (6%%)b 5/50 (10%%) 2/50 (4%) 10/50 (20%%) 500 U α-Interferon A/D 3/50 (6%) 3/50 (6%) 1/50 (2%%) 4/50 (8%%) 5,000 U α-Interferon A/D 3/50 (6%) 9/50 (18%%) 4/50 (8%%) 4/50 (8%) aData are presented as number of harderian gland neoplasms/number of animals necropsied bCombined incidences of controls from the AZT alone study and the AZT/α-interferon A/D studies; incidence in the vehicle control group from the AZT alone study is 3/50 (6%) Male mice had a pattern of nonneoplastic liver lesions along with silver-staining helical organisms within the liver consistent with an infection with Helicobacter hepaticus. An organism compatible with H. hepaticus was confirmed by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism-based assays. Detection of dose-related differences in neoplasm incidences in these studies was not considered to have been significantly impacted by the infection with H. hepaticus or its associated hepatitis. GENETIC TOXICOLOGY: AZT is mutagenic in vitro and in vivo. It induced gene mutations in Salmonella typhimurium strain TA102, with and without S9; no increases in mutations were noted in the other tested strains of S. typhimurium. AZT induced sister chromatid exchanges, but not chromosomal aberrations, in cultured Chinese hamster ovary cells, with and without S9. In vivo studies with male mice administered AZT by gavage showed highly significant increases in micronucleated erythrocytes in bone marrow and peripheral blood after exposure periods that ranged from 72 hours to 14 weeks. CONCLUSIONS: Under the conditions of these 2-year gavage studies there was equivocal evidence of carcinogenic activity of AZT in male mice based on increased incidences of renal tubule and harderian gland neoplasms in groups receiving AZT alone. There was clear evidence of carcinogenic activity of AZT in female mice based on increased incidences of squamous cell neoplasms of the vagina in groups that received AZT alone or in combination with α-interferon A/D. Hematotoxicity occurred in all groups that received AZT. Treatment with AZT alone and AZT in combination with α-interferon A/D resulted in increased incidences of epithelial hyperplasia of the vagina in all dosed groups of females. Synonyms: AZT; 3'-azido-2',3'-dideoxythymidine; azidodeoxythymidine; azidothymidine; 3'-azidothymidine; 3'-deoxy-3'-azidothymidine; 3'-deoxy-(8CI) (9CI); BW A509U; Compound S; ZDV; zidovudine Trade name: Retrovir®
 ...
PMID:NTP Toxicology and Carcinogenesis Studies of AZT (CAS No. 30516-87-1) and AZT/alpha-Interferon A/D B6C3F1 Mice (Gavage Studies). 1257 4

A woman was admitted to hospital with extensive malignant growth in vagina of more than eighteen months' standing. The growth sprang from the cervix and filled the vagina without involving it. It was treated by preliminary scarping, and then by abdominal panhysterectomy, with recovery. The growth was found to be malignant adenoma with very extensive formation of small cysts.
 ...
PMID:Adenoma Malignum Cysticum Cervicis Uteri. 1997 31

So-called ectopic prostatic tissue in the cervix and vaginal tubulosquamous polyps are rare morphologically similar lesions that may show positive immunohistochemical staining with prostatic markers. It has been suggested that they are related to paraurethral Skene's glands that are the female equivalent of prostatic glands in the male. We report a large series of lesions in women aged 23 to 81 years, found within the cervix (n=24), vagina (n=10), and vulva (n=2), which we believe to be a part of a spectrum of lesions derived from Skene's glands, either eutopic or more commonly misplaced during embryonic development. In all cervical cases, the lesion was predominantly situated in the ectocervix and was an incidental finding in specimens procured for a variety of reasons. In the vagina, the lesions usually presented themselves as polyps or cysts, although occasionally they were an incidental finding. The 2 vulval cases were incidental findings in punch biopsies. The basic morphological features were of epithelial elements of both glandular and squamous type; in some cases, the glandular elements formed a double cell layer. Uncommon findings included the presence of sebaceous glands in 2 cases (1 cervix, 1 vagina), basaloid formations resembling hair follicle structures in 4 (2 cervix, 2 vagina), and a microglandular proliferation resembling nephrogenic adenoma in 1 vaginal case. Prostate-specific antigen was positive in 13 of 26 cases and prostatic acid phosphatase in 16 of 26 tested. Six cases were negative with both markers. We propose that these benign lesions in the cervix, vagina, and vulva are derived from eutopic or misplaced Skene's glands.
 ...
PMID:Misplaced Skene's glands: glandular elements in the lower female genital tract that are variably immunoreactive with prostate markers and that encompass vaginal tubulosquamous polyp and cervical ectopic prostatic tissue. 2197 99


1 2 Next >>