Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0001418 (adenocarcinoma)
 68,496 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Normal (nonneoplastic) human prostatic secretory epithelial cells do not express the bcl-2 protein. However, a recent immunohistochemical survey of neoplastic human prostate tissues showed that a fraction of primary untreated prostate adenocarcinoma cells expressed this apoptosis-suppressing oncoprotein at significant levels (Colombel et al., Am. J. Pathol., 143: 390-400, 1993). Additionally, a number of hormone-refractory prostatic adenocarcinomas obtained from hormonally-treated patients (subsequent to surgical or drug castration therapy) were examined and were found to be uniform in their elevated expression of bcl-2 oncoprotein. The results of this preliminary survey imply that bcl-2 expression distinguishes a subgroup of primary human prostate cancers and that the expression of this protein might be a factor enabling prostate cancer cells to survive in an androgen-deprived environment. The current study was undertaken to determine the degree to which overexpression of bcl-2 can protect human prostate cancer cells from apoptotic stimuli in vitro and in vivo. Human prostate cancer cells (LNCaP) were transfected with a neomycin-selectable eucaryotic expression vector containing cDNA encoding human bcl-2. Transfected clonal variants that express bcl-2 protein (LNCaP/bcl-2) were unaltered with regard to their basal growth rate in 10% serum-containing medium, or with regard to their expression of the differentiated human prostate cell gene products prostate-specific antigen or androgen receptor protein. The bcl-2-transfected clones were altered, however, with regard to their growth rate in charcoal-stripped serum lacking dihydrotestosterone. Additionally, in contrast to the parental or control-transfected cell lines, LNCaP/bcl-2 cells were highly resistant to a variety of apoptotic stimuli in vitro including serum starvation and 10 nM phorbol ester (phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate) supplementation of the medium. Lastly, the overexpression of bcl-2 by these prostate cancer cells altered their tumorigenic potential in a nude mouse assay. s.c. injections of 10(6) LNCaP/bcl-2 cells into male nude mice resulted in earlier and larger tumor formation compared to an equivalent injection of parental or control-transfected LNCaP cells. When these variant cell lines were injected into castrated male nude mice, only the LNCaP/bcl-2-transformed cells gave rise to tumors. Moreover, LNCaP/bcl-2 tumors grown in intact male nude mice were refractory to the growth-inhibiting effects of castration demonstrated by parental LNCaP cells. Data obtained in this study demonstrate that the bcl-2 oncoprotein can protect prostate cancer cells from apoptotic stimuli in vitro and suggest that such protection correlates with the ability to form hormone-refractory prostate tumors in vivo.
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PMID:Overexpression of bcl-2 protects prostate cancer cells from apoptosis in vitro and confers resistance to androgen depletion in vivo. 767 Dec 57

Two cases of florid hyperplasia of mesonephric remnants occurring in the prostate are described. One case was originally interpreted as invasive adenocarcinoma on transurethral resection (TUR), resulting in radical prostatectomy. In the second case, a TUR specimen was diagnostic for adenocarcinoma, which was confirmed in the radical prostatectomy specimen. Florid mesonephric hyperplasia in the second case was an incidental finding. The TUR specimen in the first case and sections of the prostatectomy specimens in both cases contained a proliferation of tubules, which ranged from aggregates of microacini to dilated structures containing a characteristic colloid-like material. The location of these lesions in the base of the prostate gland and periprostatic soft tissue suggests that these may be mesonephric remnants that have become hyperplastic. This type of lesion shares many features with mesonephric hyperplasia occurring in the female genital tract, including the presence of eosinophilic intratubular material and a lobular arrangement of microacini lined by a single layer of epithelium with prominent nucleoli. However, the latter feature, along with the apparent permeation of the prostatic fibromuscular stroma, periprostatic soft tissue, and even neural spaces, closely mimicked prostatic adenocarcinoma. In both cases, the proliferating tubules reacted with keratin 903 and were negative for prostate-specific antigen and prostate acid phosphatase, thereby excluding the diagnosis of prostatic adenocarcinoma. We concluded that lobular hyperplasia of mesonephric remnants is a distinct histologic entity that may occur in the prostate and periprostatic soft tissues and closely mimic prostatic adenocarcinoma.
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PMID:Florid hyperplasia of mesonephric remnants involving prostate and periprostatic tissue. Possible confusion with adenocarcinoma. 768 79

A 66-year-old man presented with a mass just behind the lower part of the left ear. A biopsy showed a moderately differentiated adenocarcinoma that was prostate-specific antigen (PSA)- and prostate-specific acid phosphatase (PSAP)-positive. This finding suggested a metastasis of a prostatic carcinoma. Extensive clinical and radiographical examination revealed no primary prostatic carcinoma or other metastases and serum levels of PSAP and PSA were not elevated. The reliability of the PSA and PSAP staining was studied in a series of 25 adenocarcinomas of various primary sites in females and in 26 salivary gland tumors in both males and females, because a primary adenocarcinoma of salivary gland seemed another possibility in this case. As expected, there was no immunoreactivity for PSA and PSAP in the adenocarcinomas from females, but 6 of 11 pleomorphic adenomas, 0 of 4 monomorphic adenomas, 1 of 6 mucoepidermoid carcinomas, and 1 of 2 adenocarcinomas not otherwise specified (NOS) of the salivary gland showed at least focal staining of both PSA and PSAP. The conclusion was that the patient had a primary salivary gland adenocarcinoma NOS. In males with PSA- and PSAP-positive adenocarcinoma without signs of primary prostatic carcinoma, a salivary gland origin should be considered.
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PMID:Prostate marker immunoreactivity in salivary gland neoplasms. A rare pitfall in immunohistochemistry. 750 3

We studied 33 cases with an initial needle biopsy of the prostate that showed only high-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PIN 2-3), for which follow-up biopsies were available. Twenty-four men (73%) were shown to have adenocarcinoma either on a simultaneous (14 patients) or subsequent (10 patients) biopsy. The grade of PIN (grade 2 v 3), rectal examination findings, and transrectal ultrasound results proved not to be significantly different in patients with proven adenocarcinoma compared with those without proven carcinoma. In contrast, serum prostate-specific antigen (PSA) concentrations were elevated in 90% of patients with carcinoma compared with only 50% of those with a benign follow-up biopsy. Persistent elevation of serum PSA concentration was seen in only one of three patients with serial PSA measurements and a benign follow-up biopsy. Notably, all patients with carcinoma for whom we had serial measurements of serum PSA levels had persistent elevation. The finding of high-grade PIN on needle biopsy often represents a sampling problem with carcinoma nearby. Consequently, the finding of high-grade PIN on needle biopsy merits vigorous follow-up, including rebiopsy. In particular, patients with increased serum PSA appear to be at greater risk of harboring prostatic adenocarcinoma. However, a significant number of patients with high-grade PIN on initial biopsy may not have evidence of carcinoma on repeat biopsy. Thus, radical prostatectomy or radiotherapy for PIN is not warranted.
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PMID:Significance of high-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia on needle biopsy. 768 99

Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) is now widely accepted as a useful tumor marker for the diagnosis and follow-up of prostatic cancer. An elevated level of PSA has been asserted to be highly specific for prostate cancer, although patients with large benign prostate glands and those with bacterial prostatitis may also have slightly elevated levels. We measured the serum PSA level in the patients with acute and chronic bacterial prostatitis and consecutively monitored the PSA level in 6 patients who had acute prostatitis and an elevated PSA level. The PSA level was found to be elevated during the acute phase of prostatic inflammation, and the elevated, PSA level in the patients with acute prostatitis returned to the normal level within 14 days after initiation of antimicrobial therapy in all 6 patients. In one patient with chronic prostatitis the elevated PSA level persisted after antibiotic treatment. He was found to have adenocarcinoma by transrectal ultrasonography and biopsy. A markedly elevated serum PSA level in bacterial prostatitis can cause confusion in the diagnosis of prostatic carcinoma. Therefore, PSA determination should be obtained after complete clinical resolution of inflammation to exclude prostatic malignant involvement.
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PMID:Prostate-specific antigen levels in acute and chronic bacterial prostatitis. 768 14

We report a rare case of primary signet ring cell adenocarcinoma of the prostate in a 61-year-old male, who died of systemic lymphatic spread. Autopsy ruled out another primary signet ring cell adenocarcinoma outside the prostate. However, immunohistochemically, the tumor stained negatively for prostate-specific antigen. A review of the literature revealed only 15 case reports, including our case.
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PMID:Primary signet ring cell adenocarcinoma of the prostate: a case report and literature review. 768 15

We describe a patient with adenosquamous carcinoma of the prostate. His history suggests a common histogenesis of the glandular and squamous elements of the tumor. A 60-year-old white man had adenocarcinoma of the prostate diagnosed by biopsy and then underwent radical prostatectomy, which showed adenosquamous carcinoma. Immunoperoxidase in the glandular component was positive for prostate-specific antigen (PSA), prostatic acid phosphatase (PAP), and low molecular weight keratin CAM 5.2 but was negative for high molecular weight keratin AE-3. The squamous component was negative for PSA, PAP, and CAM 5.2 but positive for AE-3. Previously reported patients with adenosquamous carcinoma of the prostate share a history of radiation or hormonal therapy followed much later by prostatectomy, suggesting that adenosquamous carcinoma consists of residual primary adenocarcinoma and metaplastic squamous epithelium caused by radiation or hormonal treatment. However, the present case lacks this history, suggesting that the two types of epithelia may have developed concurrently.
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PMID:Adenosquamous carcinoma of the prostate. 782 10

This study was undertaken to confirm the utility of systematic transrectal ultrasound-guided prostate biopsy in diagnosing cancer in patients with abnormal findings on digital rectal examination or abnormal levels of prostate-specific antigen (or both). The authors also wanted to determine the diagnostic advantage of taking six sextant biopsy samples rather than four quadrant samples. In a prospective study of 669 men examined between July 1992 and April 1993 at a tertiary-care hospital, core samples were obtained from any visualized or palpated abnormalities, the three other "normal" quadrants (apices and bases) and the two parasagittal midzones. The glands of 403 of the patients (60%) had an abnormality detectable by ultrasonography, and 233 of the patients (35%) had adenocarcinoma, proven by histologic examination. Of the 169 cases of adenocarcinoma initially indicated by ultrasonography, the suspected lesion was histologically benign in 66 (39%), but malignancy was found in another portion of the gland. In 18 (8%) of the 233 patients with adenocarcinoma, the only positive result was obtained from the additional core biopsy samples from the midzone. This study confirms that the ultrasonographic characteristics of cancer are variable, that many tumours (130 [56%] in this study) are detected in areas that are normal on ultrasonography and digital rectal examination, and that the detection sensitivity is increased (by 8% in this study) when two midlobe parasagittal plane biopsy samples are added to the four standard quadrant samples.
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PMID:Systematic transrectal ultrasound-guided biopsy of the prostate. 792 20

Stage A1 (low-grade and low-volume) adenocarcinoma is associated with a low likelihood of progression. Repeat transurethral resection has been used to identify patients at increased risk (residual cancer noted) as well as those at low risk of progression (no residual cancer noted). We recently evaluated the ability of this technique to define a low-risk patient population. We reviewed the records of 24 patients who underwent repeat transurethral resection after they were identified as having Stage A1 prostatic cancer on initial resection (Gleason score < 5, tumor volume comprising < 5% of the resection specimen). Despite no evidence of residual carcinoma on repeat resection, 3 patients (13%) progressed at a mean follow-up of seven years (2 locally, 1 locally and distantly). We conclude that repeat resection does not effectively evaluate the risk of progression and that other techniques including transrectal ultrasonography and serial prostate-specific antigen measurements should be similarly evaluated.
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PMID:Negative repeat transurethral resection of prostate fails to identify patients with stage A1 prostatic carcinoma at lower risk of progression: a long-term study. 823 94

Adenocarcinoma of the female urethra accounts for 10% of all urethral cancers. Controversy continues to exist over the origin of primary urethral adenocarcinomas. The periurethral (Skene's) glands appear to be the homologues of the male prostate as defined by authors evaluating cadaver-derived periurethral glands pathologically and immunohistochemically (prostate-specific antigen (PSA)). It is traditionally assumed that the origin of female urethral adenocarcinoma is the Skene's gland. However, no one has evaluated a series of primary urethral adenocarcinomas in an effort to scrutinize this assumption. We, therefore, evaluated 13 primary adenocarcinomas of the female urethra comparing histologic and immunohistochemical characteristics. Tumors were classified into two major histologic groups: columnar/mucinous (11) and clear cell (2). Excluding one case, the columnar/mucinous tumors resembled either endometrial or colonic adenocarcinoma. The exception was a case bearing a striking resemblance to prostatic adenocarcinoma. Immunohistochemical results revealed positive PSA staining for this tumor alone. The patient's preoperative serum PSA was elevated, but rapidly declined postoperatively. Based on immunohistochemical findings and the presence of distinct histologic subtypes (columnar/mucinous, clear cell), it appears that female urethral adenocarcinoma has more than one tissue of origin with a minority arising from the Skene's glands.
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PMID:Female urethral adenocarcinoma: evidence for more than one tissue of origin? 852 54


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