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Query: UMLS:C0001418 (adenocarcinoma)
 68,496 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Nephrogenic adenoma (NA) of the prostatic urethra with involvement of the prostate gland can mimic other small-gland proliferations of the prostate, particularly adenocarcinoma of the prostate. To further characterize this lesion and refine diagnostic criteria we retrospectively reviewed the clinicopathologic features and immunohistochemical findings of eight cases of NA involving the prostate gland seen at The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center from 1987 to 1992. The patients' ages ranged from 44 to 76 years (average age, 65 years). Six patients had lower genitourinary tract operations. Follow-up information was available for six patients (follow-up period, 5 to 38 months); only one patient had clinical evidence of recurrence (5 months after surgery). The remaining patients were alive and well with no evidence of disease. Histologically, NA was characterized by a proliferation of small tubules lined by a single layer of cuboidal or flattened cells with clear or eosinophilic cytoplasm. The nuclei were round with fine chromatin and there was no mitotic activity. Nucleoli were generally small, but occasionally prominent. All NA extended into the prostatic parenchyma, raising the possibility that these lesions may represent prostatic small-gland proliferations, particularly prostate adenocarcinoma. However, all cases tested were negative for prostate-specific antigen and prostatic acid phosphatase. Our findings indicate that the histologic features and the use of prostate-specific antigen and prostatic acid phosphatase immunostains will help to distinguish NA of the urethra involving the prostate from other small-gland proliferations (eg, small-acinar adenocarcinoma of the prostate, clear cell adenocarcinoma of the urethra, sclerosing adenosis, atypical adenomatous hyperplasia, florid hyperplasia of mesonephric remnants, simple lobular atrophy, and incomplete basal cell hyperplasia).
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PMID:Nephrogenic adenoma of the prostatic urethra involving the prostate gland: a clinicopathologic and immunohistochemical study of eight cases. 751 41

A case of scrotal and penile extramammary Paget's disease (EMPD) and concurrent prostate adenocarcinoma in a 59-year-old patient is presented. Immunohistochemically, the tumor cells of both the EMPD and prostate stained positively for prostate-specific antigen. Six previously reported cases of EMPD associated with prostate adenocarcinoma are reviewed, along with a discussion of current theories of the pathogenesis of EMPD.
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PMID:Extramammary Paget's disease associated with prostate adenocarcinoma. 751 10

Neoadjuvant total androgen ablation therapy leads to involutional changes in prostatic carcinoma and may have the potential to downstage operable prostate cancers. We studied 27 clinically localized prostatic carcinomas after 3 months of combined treatment with a luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone agonist, goserelin acetate, and the antiandrogen flutamide, followed by radical retropubic prostatectomy, for changes in the serum prostate-specific antigen (PSA) level, changes in prostatic volume, therapy-induced histopathologic changes, DNA ploidy, and proliferative activity. Ten hormonally untreated, grade-matched prostatic adenocarcinomas served as controls. The mean pretherapy serum PSA level was 17.5 ng/ml, and posttherapy PSA levels were all < 4.0 ng/ml, with 18 men having undetectable levels. The mean reduction in prostatic volume following hormonal therapy was 37% (range 16-52%). Pathologic staging confirmed 20 pT2N0, six pT3N0, and one pT3N1. All prostates showed residual adenocarcinoma (extremely focal in seven cases [26%] with loss of glandular architecture, cytoplasmic vacuolization, and nuclear pyknosis. High-grade adenocarcinoma was nondiploid in 25% of hormonally treated prostates and 80% of 10 untreated controls. Immunostaining for proliferating cell nuclear antigen showed > 10% nuclear reactivity in 33% of treated carcinomas and 90% of untreated carcinomas. In conclusion, 3 months of neoadjuvant androgen ablation for localized prostatic carcinoma significantly lowers serum PSA and prostatic volume and produces involutional changes in residual carcinomas that mimic high-grade disease. However, pretreated carcinomas have predominantly a diploid DNA content and low proliferative activity as opposed to untreated carcinomas. Thus, grading of pretreated adenocarcinomas by conventional methods may be misleading. Preoperative total androgen ablation has a profound effect on a subset of prostatic carcinoma cells, possibly by facilitating programmed cell death.
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PMID:Clinical and pathobiological effects of neoadjuvant total androgen ablation therapy on clinically localized prostatic adenocarcinoma. 752 15

In 21 cases of prostate adenocarcinoma and 4 cases of prostate hyperplasia, neuroendocrine (NE) cells were studied immunohistochemically with anti-chromogranin antibody. NE cells were detected in 8 cases (38.8%), in which 4 were found positive for serotonin and 2 for glucagon. 25 cases of prostatic specimens and 7 cases of nonprostatic adenocarcinomas were labelled with prostate-specific antigen (PSA). It was shown that expression of PSA was closely correlated with differentiation of prostatic adenocarcinomas. Reaction of PSA was stronger in well-moderately differentiated adenocarcinoma than in poorly differentiated one. For staining pattern, positive reaction of PSA was located in the apical border in well-moderately differentiated adenocarcinoma, but in the cytoplasm and cell membrane in poorly differentiated one.
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PMID:[Immunohistochemical study of neuroendocrine cells and prostate-specific antigen in prostate carcinoma]. 752 41

Prostate-specific antigen is the most important, accurate, and clinically useful biochemical marker in the prostate. It is manufactured by the secretory epithelial cells and drains into the ductal system, where it catalyzes the liquefaction of the seminal coagulum after ejaculation. Serum levels are normally less than 4 ng/mL (monoclonal) but vary according to patient age and race; any process that disrupts the normal architecture of the prostate allows diffusion of prostate-specific antigen into the stroma and microvasculature. Elevated serum prostate-specific antigen levels are seen with prostatitis, infarcts, hyperplasia, and transiently after biopsy, but the most clinically important increases are seen with prostatic adenocarcinoma. Cancer produces less prostate-specific antigen per cell than benign epithelium, but the greater number of malignant cells and the stromal disruption associated with cancer account for the increased serum prostate-specific antigen level. Serum prostate-specific antigen level correlates positively with clinical stage, tumor volume, histologic grade, and the presence of capsular perforation and seminal vesicle invasion; despite these strong correlations, its value is limited in predicting stage for individual patients. It may also predict the presence of lymph node metastases, bone metastases, and survival after androgen-deprivation therapy. The use of prostate-specific antigen has resulted in an increase in the early detection rate of cancer, and it is now advocated for annual routine use in men older than 40 years who are at increased risk and in all men older than 50 years. It is a test with high sensitivity and specificity that is rapid, inexpensive, minimally invasive, and acceptable to patients. In addition to serum prostate-specific antigen level, five derivatives of serum prostate-specific antigen were recently described that may increase the predictive value by accounting for confounding variables such as patient age, prostate volume, and cancer volume: age-specific reference ranges, prostate-specific antigen density, prostate-specific antigen velocity, prostate-specific antigen cancer density, and prostate-specific antigen doubling times. Serum prostate-specific antigen detects a heterogeneous group of cancers (clinical stage T1c) that are clinically important and potentially curable. Immunohistochemical expression of prostate-specific antigen in tissue sections allows determination of the prostatic origin of some metastatic adenocarcinomas, although extraprostatic expression of prostate-specific antigen has been reported in several tissues and tumors, including periurethral gland adenocarcinoma in women, rectal carcinoid, and extramammary Paget disease.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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PMID:Prostate-specific antigen. Current role in diagnostic pathology of prostate cancer. 752 5

Skene's (periurethral) gland carcinoma is a rare neoplasm accounting for less than 0.003% of all genital tract malignancies in females. Generally, adenocarcinomas of the female urethra are assumed to arise from the periurethral glands, the female homologue of the prostate. A case of Skene's gland adenocarcinoma without mucosal urethral involvement is presented. The histologic features of this tumor closely resembled those of prostatic adenocarcinoma. In contrast, clear cell and columnar/mucinous variants of female urethral adenocarcinomas have been described previously. Perhaps this signifies different biologic processes in the development of Skene's/periurethral and urethral adenocarcinomas in females. Additionally, we performed immunohistochemical staining that was reactive for prostate-specific antigen (PSA). Preoperatively, the serum level of PSA was increased and promptly decreased after surgical excision of the lesion. Therefore, preoperative and postoperative monitoring of serum PSA titers in patients with adenocarcinomas of the female urethra or periurethral glands (or both) should be considered.
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PMID:Skene's gland adenocarcinoma with increased serum level of prostate-specific antigen. 752 28

Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) is considered a highly specific biochemical marker of the prostate gland and is currently used for prostate cancer diagnosis and monitoring of patients with prostate adenocarcinoma. We recently demonstrated, however, that about 30% of female breast tumors produce a M(r) 33,000 protein that has striking similarities to seminal PSA. In this study we characterized the presence of PSA in 6 breast tumors and in the testosterone-stimulated T47D breast cancer cell line at the mRNA level. Using reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction and DNA sequencing techniques we identified PSA mRNA in immunoreactive PSA-positive breast tumors but not in immunoreactive PSA-negative breast tumors. The sequence of the generated polymerase chain reaction products was identical to the sequence of the PSA complementary DNA derived from prostate tissue. The data presented here support the notion that breast tumors produce a M(r) 33,000 protein which is identical to PSA produced by the prostate gland. Our study suggests that the presence of PSA in breast tumors may be used as a new additional biochemical marker for breast cancer prognosis, for the spreading of hematogenous micrometastases, and/or for response to adjuvant treatment.
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PMID:Molecular characterization of prostate-specific antigen messenger RNA expressed in breast tumors. 752 95

A case of clear cell adenocarcinoma arising from the female urethra is described. Histologically, solid and glandular areas consisted of clear cells. The tumor cells stained positively with antibodies to prostate-specific antigen and prostatic acid phosphatase, suggesting that the clear cell adenocarcinoma arises from the female paraurethral duct, rather than embryonic remnants.
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PMID:Clear cell adenocarcinoma of the female urethra showing positive staining with antibodies to prostate-specific antigen and prostatic acid phosphatase. 753 68

Atypical adenomatous hyperplasia (AAH) of the prostate is a microscopic proliferation of small glands that may be mistaken for adenocarcinoma. The extent and multicentricity of this histopathologic lesion have not been fully defined, and the spatial relationship with carcinoma has not been described in whole-mount surgical specimens. We sought to determine whether the extent and zonal location of AAH is related to prostate cancer by evaluating 217 totally embedded radical prostatectomy specimens with cancer. All but 17 patients had clinically localized cancer, and none had received preoperative therapy. The number of foci and volume of AAH were measured using a grid-counting method; proximity to cancer was recorded as either less than or equal to 2 mm from cancer or greater than 2 mm from cancer. AAH was identified in 23.0% of cases and was more frequent in the transition zone (19.8% of cases) than in the nontransition (peripheral and central) zone (6.0%). It was found within 2 mm of cancer in 34% of cases of AAH, including 30% of cases in the transition zone and 31% cases in the nontrasition zone. The number of foci of AAH in the transition zone was always greater than that in the nontransition zone, regardless of whether it was within 2 mm of cancer or more than 2 mm from cancer. AAH was frequently multicentric (46% of cases), especially in the transition zone (47% of transition zone cases) compared with the nontransition zone (23% of nontransition zone cases). The mean volume of AAH was 0.029 cc (range, 0-1.29 cc) and was much higher in the transition zone than the nontransition zone, regardless of whether it was within 2 mm of cancer or more than 2 mm from cancer. In cases of AAH within 2 mm of cancer, the volume was lower than in cases more than 2 mm from cancer; this was true regardless of zonal location. AAH was more common in older patients and in those with greater prostatic weight, higher prostatic volume, greater percentage of nodular hyperplasia, greater volume of cancer, greater percent of Gleason patterns 4 and 5 cancer, higher volume of prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia, and higher serum prostate-specific antigen level. There was no correlation of number of foci of AAH or volume of AAH with pathologic stage, seminal vesicle invasion, Gleason primary pattern or score, nuclear grade, perineural invasion by tumor, or DNA ploidy. Our results indicate that AAH is usually found iin the transition zone in association with nodular hyperplasia and is often multicentric. The extent and zonal distribution of AAH and carcinoma show a weak but significant association.
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PMID:Atypical adenomatous hyperplasia of the prostate. Relationship with carcinoma in 217 whole-mount radical prostatectomies. 753 24

Human prostate-specific antigen (PSA) has been shown as an aid in the early detection of prostate cancer (W. J. Catalona et al., J. Am. Med. Assoc., 270: 948-954, 1993) and was approved in 1994 by the Food and Drug Administration for early detection of prostate cancer. Immunotherapies directed against PSA have been suggested in patients with metastatic prostate cancer. One of the essential questions is to define which nonhuman species express PSA for experimental studies. Using Southern blot analyses, genes related to human PSA have been detected in several nonhuman primate species, including chimpanzee, orangutan, gorilla, macaque, and rhesus monkey, but not in other mammalian species, including rabbit, cow, pig, dog, rat, or mouse. Immunohistochemical staining with anti-human PSA antisera detected strong staining in both human and monkey prostatic epithelial cells with no reactivity to rat prostate cells. Because the PSA gene is not present in the murine genome, a matched set of murine cell lines has been developed that may be useful to study the biochemical functions of PSA and as an experimental target for PSA-directed immunotherapy. To establish such cell lines, a C57BL/6 murine colon adenocarcinoma cell line, MC-38, was transfected with a retroviral vector containing cDNA encoding the human PSA gene. Genetic analysis of a PSA-secreting clone, PSA/MC-38, demonstrated that the PSA gene had been stably integrated into the MC-38 genome. The PSA/MC-38 cell line was found to secrete PSA into tissue culture medium, producing a protein of approximately M(r) 30,000. In vivo, PSA/MC-38 grew as a s.c. tumor in male and female mice. PSA/MC-38 tumors grew more rapidly in athymic mice than in syngeneic C57BL/6 mice, and in both mouse strains, the PSA/MC-38 tumors grew more slowly than control vector-transduced tumors. PSA was detected in the serum and tumors of PSA/MC-38 tumor-bearing mice. It is proposed that PSA/MC-38 cells may be used as a murine tumor model to test potential therapeutic vaccines and other experimental therapies directed against PSA.
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PMID:The presence of prostate-specific antigen-related genes in primates and the expression of recombinant human prostate-specific antigen in a transfected murine cell line. 753 3


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