Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0001339 (acute pancreatitis)
 10,593 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Sulfapyridine (SP), one of the metabolites of sulfasalazine (SASP), is further metabolized into N-acetylsulfapyridine (AcSP) by polymorphic N-acetyltransferase 2 (NAT2). NAT2 activity has been diagnosed by phenotyping, that is, evaluating plasma concentrations or urinary excretions of tentatively administered test drugs for dose individualization and avoidance of serious adverse events. Herein, we investigated the relationship between NAT2 genotypes and the pharmacokinetics of SP in healthy Japanese subjects, as well as the adverse events of SASP in patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Eight healthy subjects and 13 IBD patients were classified into three groups by NAT2 genotyping; the homozygote for the wild-type allele (Rapid Types), the compound heterozygote for the wild-type and mutant alleles (Intermediate Types), and the homozygote for mutant alleles (Slow Types). A single oral dose of 40 mg/kg SASP was administered to each healthy subject, and plasma and urine samples were taken until 51 and 72 h after administration, respectively. Both the SP and AcSP concentrations in each sample were determined by the HPLC method. The NAT2 genotypes were well-correlated with the plasma concentrations or urinary excretions of SP and AcSP in 8 healthy subjects, except for one Slow Type. In patients with IBD, skin rash was seen in 3 of 6 Rapid Types and 1 of 6 Intermediate Types, consistent with the concept that hypersensitive reactions are independent of serum SP concentrations. In contrast, SASP dosing-related acute pancreatitis was found in the Slow Type patient. In this case, the NAT2 activity was diagnosed by genotyping in advance, and the medical staff could pay scrupulous attention, resulting in no serious subjective symptoms such as abdominal pain, anorexia or fever. Further investigations on the relationship between the NAT2 genotype and adverse events are required, although genotyping appeared to be a promising method to avoid such serious adverse events.
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PMID:N-acetyltransferase 2 genotype-related sulfapyridine acetylation and its adverse events. 1218 10

Hepatobiliary disorders occur frequently in patients with IBD, with PSC and cholangiocarcinoma being the most clinically significant for endoscopists. Endoscopic therapy for PSC is effective in improving symptoms, biochemical parameters, and radiographic abnormalities. Endoscopic therapy may also confer survival benefit, but this has yet to be confirmed in randomized, controlled trials. Treatment should be restricted to those individuals with a rapid decline in liver function testing or those with recurrent cholangitis. Cholangiocarcinoma is a serious complication of PSC and carries an extremely poor prognosis. ERCP with brush cytology has a relatively low sensitivity and the diagnosis is usually made after the disease has become metastatic. Malignant biliary obstruction can be palliated by endoscopic stenting. Photodynamic therapy is a promising experimental technique that may confer symptomatic and survival benefit in patients with nonresectable, advanced cholangiocarcinoma. IBD patients also have an elevated risk for developing acute and chronic pancreatitis as well as pancreatic insufficiency. The majority of cases of acute pancreatitis are likely due to medication side effects and local structural complications of IBD. The remainder may possibly represent true extraintestinal manifestations of IBD. Chronic pancreatitis is frequently subclinical, but may be accompanied by clinically relevant exocrine insufficiency. ERCP is the test of choice for the diagnosis of chronic pancreatitis, but the role of endoscopy in the therapeutic management of IBD-associated chronic pancreatitis remains to be defined.
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PMID:Pancreatic and biliary tract disorders in inflammatory bowel disease. 1248 43

Drugs can have adverse effects on any part of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract from mouth to colon. It is essential that a detailed and accurate drug history is taken in patients presenting with GI complaints. Many drug-induced effects will regress or heal on cessation of treatment. NSAIDs are usually associated with gastric and duodenal ulcers but are also recognised to cause lichen planus in the mouth, oesophageal inflammation and strictures, and small bowel and colonic ulcers and strictures. A newer class of anti-inflammatory drugs, the cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2)-selective inhibitors, have been developed and have a more favourable GI safety profile than standard NSAIDs. Acute diarrhoea, relapse of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), microscopic colitis and acute pancreatitis are also induced by ingestion of standard NSAIDs. The calcium antagonists, phenytoin and cyclosporin, induce gum hyperplasia, particularly in patients with poor oral hygiene. Alendronate, a bisphosphonate, has been associated with development of oesophageal ulcers, and specific recommendations are now given to reduce this complication. Of the many different forms of colitis associated with drug ingestion, the most frequent is pseudomembranous colitis. This is a complication of antibiotics and is caused by the toxin produced by Clostridium difficile. Many drugs have been associated with the development of acute pancreatitis, although a definite cause and effect relationship has been shown for only a few drugs. These include didanosine, furosomide, corticosteroids, azathioprine and sodium valproate.
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PMID:Gastrointestinal side effects of drugs. 1290 98

Derivatives of 5-aminosalicylic acid (5-ASA) used for the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease may induce acute pancreatitis of immunoallergic origin. 4-aminosalicylic acid (4-ASA) differs from its 5-ASA counterpart by the position of the NH2 group and has shown efficacy in ulcerative colitis. The risk of cross intolerance reaction between 5-ASA and 4-ASA has currently never been evaluated. We report three cases of 5-ASA-induced pancreatitis, with no recurrence of pancreatitis during subsequent treatment with 4-ASA enemas. We conclude that 4-ASA enemas are a safe and well-tolerated therapeutic alternative whenever 5-ASA-induced pancreatitis occurs.
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PMID:Tolerance of 4-aminosalicylic acid enemas in patients with inflammatory bowel disease and 5-aminosalicylic-induced acute pancreatitis. 1529 Sep 21

The aim of our study was to estimate the frequency of acute pancreatitis and the frequency of increased activity of pancreatic enzymes in serum of children with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Analysis comprises 101 children aged from 3 to 18-years treated because of IBD in the period of 1998-2002: 79 children with ulcerative colitis (UC) and 22 children Crohn's disease (CD). The authors analyzed together 191 admissions because of UC and 51 because of CD. Acute pancreatitis was observed in 4.5% of children with CD and in 5.1% of children with UC. Significantly more often acute pancreatitis was recognized in children with moderate and severe stage of UC. Hyperamylasemia was observed in 27.3% of children with CD and in 12.7% of children with UC. Hyperlipasemia was observed only in children with UC (3.8%), elevated urinary amylase was observed in 4.5% of children with CD and in 8.86% children with UC. No correlations between the frequency of acute pancreatitis and medication were observed.
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PMID:[Incidence of acute pancreatitis in children with inflammatory bowel disease]. 1555 7

According to the literature data the modern concepts of the etiological factors, the pathomorphological features, the diagnosis, the clinical features and the treatment of the drug-induced and the idiopathic pancreatitis, accompanying the IBD are reviewed. The results of a retrospective review of the clinical data of 50 patients, operated on--16 with Crohn's disease and 34 with ulcerative colitis, are shown. Postoperative hyperamylasemia was found in 2 patients with Crohn's disease and in 3 patients with ulcerative colitis. One of them also had primary sclerosing cholangitis. All patients were treated with Metronidazole and Cortizone. Nine years after the operation one of the patients with ulcerative colitis had acute pancreatitis, treated conservatively.
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PMID:[Pancreatitis accompanying inflammatory bowel diseases, and our observations]. 1570 45

Rifaximin (4-deoxy-4'-methylpyrido[1',2'-1,2]imidazo- [5,4-c]-rifamycin SV) is a synthetic antibiotic designed to modify the parent compound, rifamycin, in order to achieve low gastrointestinal (GI) absorption while retaining good antibacterial activity. Both experimental and clinical pharmacology clearly show that this compound is a nonsystemic antibiotic with a broad spectrum of antibacterial action covering Gram-positive and Gram-negative organisms, both aerobes and anaerobes. Being virtually nonabsorbed, its bioavailability within the GI tract is rather high with intraluminal and fecal drug concentrations that largely exceed the minimal inhibitory concentration values observed in vitro against a wide range of pathogenic organisms. The GI tract represents, therefore, the primary therapeutic target and GI infections the main indication. The appreciation of the pathogenic role of gut bacteria in several organic and functional GI diseases has increasingly broadened its clinical use, which is now extended to hepatic encephalopathy, small intestine bacterial overgrowth, inflammatory bowel disease and colonic diverticular disease. Potential indications include the irritable bowel syndrome and chronic constipation, Clostridium difficile infection and bowel preparation before colorectal surgery. Because of its antibacterial activity against the microorganism and the lack of strains with primary resistance, some preliminary studies have explored the rifaximin potential for Helicobacter pylori eradication. Oral administration of this drug, by getting rid of enteric bacteria, could also be employed to achieve selective bowel decontamination in acute pancreatitis, liver cirrhosis (thus preventing spontaneous bacterial peritonitis) and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) use (lessening in that way NSAID enteropathy). This antibiotic has, therefore, little value outside the enteric area and this will minimize both antimicrobial resistance and systemic adverse events. Indeed, the drug proved to be safe in all patient populations, including young children. Although rifaximin has stood the test of time, it still attracts the attention of both basic scientists and clinicians. As a matter of fact, with the advancement of the knowledge on microbial-gut interactions in health and disease novel indications and new drug regimens are being explored. Besides widening the clinical use, the research on rifaximin is also focused on the synthesis of new derivatives and on the development of original formulations designed to expand the spectrum of its clinical use.
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PMID:Rifaximin, a poorly absorbed antibiotic: pharmacology and clinical potential. 1585 48

Kallikreins are serine proteases, which are divided into plasma kallikrein and tissue kallikrein. Kallikreins cleave kininogen, theirs main substrate to release bradykinin, a potent inflammatory mediator. Kinins act directly by B2 and B1 receptors, or indirectly stimulating synthesis of nitric oxide, prostanoids and cytokinines by epithelial cells, smooth muscle cells, endothelial cells and fibroblasts. Recent experimental studies and clinical data indicate a pathogenic role of the kallikrein-kinin system in gastrointestinal disorders including inflammatory bowel disease, acute pancreatitis, colorectal and gastric cancer and pathogenesis of ascites. New molecular biology techniques and development of specific antibodies permit to evaluate the expression of genes and localization of proteins of the kallikrein-kinin components. Experimental studies indicate a modulatory effect of a specific kallikrein inhibition and kinin receptor antagonist suggesting its therapeutic potential in human gut diseases.
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PMID:[A role of kallikrein-kinin system in gut diseases]. 1623 27

The development of artificial nutritional support has been increased in the last years. Access routes and composition of formulas have been improved. Critic patients is a group of great controversy in this topic area. Enteral nutrition is better than parenteral nutrition in patients with inflammatory bowel disease, acute pancreatitis, burn and septic with a A level of evidence. Enteral nutrition is better than parenteral nutrition in patients with short bowel disease, chronic hepatopathy, surgery ot digestive tract in patients with cancer disease, patients with HIV infection and patients with politraumatism. Parenteral nutrition is better than enteral nutrition in patients with haematopoyetic transplantation with a B level of evidence. Some nutrients have been shown a beneficial effect in artificial nutritional support such as (diets low in fat and high in complex carbohydrates) (level A), diets with inmunonutrients in patients with surgery of digestive tract cancer (level B), diet enhanced with w3 fatty acids in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome (level C), and patients with HIV infection (level B), diets enriched with glutamin in patients with politraumatism and haematopoyetic transplantation (level B). Specific diets have not been shown beneficial effects in some pathologies (short bowel syndrome, acute pancreatitis, renal insufficiency treated with dialysis, and respiratory insufficiency). Diets with arginine are contraindicated in septic critically ill patients (level A). In conclusion, artificial nutritional support in critic patients is a controversy topic area with a high level of change in knowledgments with new improvements in access route, diets and designs of interventional trials.
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PMID:[Recommendations for artificial nutritional support in critically ill patients]. 1693 46

This article revises the concepts of prebiotics, probiotics and symbiotics, and their use in different situations of daily clinical practice. With a high level of evidence, it is concluded that the use of certain strains of probiotics significantly reduces the risk for antibiotic-induced diarrhea. Although further studies are needed, the use of probiotics, prebiotics, and symbiotics in people suffering from inflammatory bowel disease (particularly ulcerative colitis, and pouchitis) might improve the rates of remission induction/maintenance. The administration of probiotics and symbiotics to patients with liver transplant, severe acute pancreatitis, and intensive and surgical care patients, emerges as a promising therapeutic option that seems to reduce the number of infections; however, it is currently no possible to establish evidence-based recommendations, with a need for a higher number of better designed works. About safety of probiotics and symbiotics, the benefits/risks ratio clearly favors the former since the risk for infection is low, even in immunosuppressed patients. There are, however, selected groups of patients in which caution is advised.
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PMID:[Probiotics and prebiotics in clinical practice]. 1767 91


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