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Query: UMLS:C0001175 (AIDS)
 120,706 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

MICs of clarithromycin against 324 clinical isolates belonging to eight species of slowly growing nontuberculous mycobacteria were determined by using a broth microdilution system. Isolates were inoculated into twofold drug dilutions in Middlebrook 7H9 broth (pH corrected to 7.4) and then incubated at 30 degrees C for 7 days for Mycobacterium marinum and for 14 days for all other species. The MIC for 90% of the strains (MIC90) was less than or equal to 0.5 micrograms/ml for isolates of Mycobacterium gordonae (6 strains), Mycobacterium scrofulaceum (5 strains), Mycobacterium szulgai (6 strains), and Mycobacterium kansasii (35 strains). MICs for M. marinum (25 strains) and Mycobacterium avium complex (237 strains) were higher, but 100% and 89% of the strains, respectively, were susceptible to less than or equal to 4 micrograms/ml. In contrast, MICs for five of six M. simiae strains were greater than 8 micrograms/ml, and the range of MICs for Mycobacterium nonchromogenicum varied from less than or equal to 0.125 to 8 micrograms/ml. For the 237 isolates of M. avium complex, the MIC50 was 2 micrograms/ml and the MIC90 was 8 micrograms/ml. MICs for most isolates (77%) were in the 1- to 4-micrograms/ml range. For the 80 isolates in this group known to be from AIDS patients, the MIC50 was 4 micrograms/ml and the MIC90 was 8 micrograms/ml. These MIC studies combined with preliminary clinical trials suggest that clarithromycin may be useful for drug therapy of most species of the slowly growing nontuberculous mycobacteria except M. simiae.
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PMID:Activities of clarithromycin against eight slowly growing species of nontuberculous mycobacteria, determined by using a broth microdilution MIC system. 141 91

Fluconazole activity against four strains of Candida albicans (three isolates from AIDS patients and one azole-resistant isolate, NCPF 3363) was studied in a turkey crop infection model. Isolate NCPF 3363 showed confirmed azole resistance in vitro and in vivo. Two isolates from AIDS patients were susceptible to fluconazole in vitro and in vivo. The third isolate was resistant to fluconazole in vitro (MIC = 100 micrograms ml-1), insensitive to 2.5 mg kg-1 but sensitive in vivo to a 5 mg kg-1 daily dose.
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PMID:Activity of fluconazole against Candida albicans isolates from HIV+ patients in a digestive candidosis turkey model. 146 37

This prospective study evaluated the in vitro susceptibility of Candida albicans isolates recovered from the oral cavity of AIDS/ARC patients before and during long-term therapy with fluconazole. Thirty adults (15 with ARC and 15 with AIDS) with a first episode of thrush candidiasis were given oral fluconazole (Triflucan 50 mg; one capsule daily) for at least three months. Fungal susceptibility testing was performed before treatment, after one month, and at last follow-up (range 3.5-12 months; mean 5.7 months). MICs were determined using the agar dilution method with casitone (Difco 259-01) as the test medium at pH 7.2-7.4. There were two initial clinical failures (one with high MICs before and under treatment and one with an intermediate MIC initially and a rise in MIC under fluconazole). Four patients developed a clinical relapse with no change in MICs (which were low or intermediate). In six patients, clinical symptoms resolved but carriage of C. albicans persisted (low MICs). In 18 patients, clinical resolution with eradication of C. albicans was achieved. These data suggest that (1) clinical failures may be associated with in vitro resistance; (2) relapses under fluconazole maintenance therapy may develop in patients with advanced HIV disease despite the lack of change in the susceptibility of strains.
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PMID:[Treatment and secondary prophylaxis with fluconazole for oropharyngeal candidiasis in HIV-positive patients. A mycological analysis of failures]. 149 36

The antibacterial effect of zidovudine (AZT) has been demonstrated both in vitro and in vivo with experimental models of gram-negative bacterial infections. It has been associated with the absence or low occurrence of nontyphoid Salmonella infections in AIDS patients treated with AZT. Using the macrophage cell line J774-2, we demonstrate the inhibition of intracellular growth of Salmonella typhimurium by AZT. This effect is obtained with one-half of the MIC (1 microgram/ml) of AZT for S. typhimurium. Inhibition of intracellular growth is observed after 4 h of incubation and persists at 24 h. Maximal inhibition is shown at a concentration of 128 micrograms/ml, and no further effect is observed with higher concentrations. When the inhibitory effect of AZT is compared with that of pefloxacin or that of ceftriaxone at half their MICs (0.2 and 0.02 microgram/ml, respectively), AZT and pefloxacin give better results than ceftriaxone. In this study, using an intracellular model, we show that AZT is able to inhibit the intracellular multiplication of S. typhimurium at a minimal effective concentration lower than the MIC, indicating its potential for antibacterial accumulation in the macrophages.
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PMID:Intracellular activity of zidovudine (3'-azido-3'-deoxythymidine, AZT) against Salmonella typhimurium in the macrophage cell line J774-2. 151 Mar 97

Minimal inhibitory and bactericidal concentrations (MIC and MBC) of clarithromycin were determined with 49 Mycobacterium avium strains isolated from patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. The inhibitory activity depended on the pH of the medium: the drug was more active at pH 7.4 and less active at pH 5.0, with activity at pH 6.8 in an intermediate position. The broth-determined MIC found at pH 7.4 were 0.25 and 0.5 micrograms/ml for most strains. The agar-determined MIC for most strains ranged from 1.0 to 4.0 micrograms/ml. The MBC of the drug were 8- to 64-fold higher than the MIC, which indicates that the efficacy of clarithromycin can be associated with its inhibitory rather than its bactericidal activity.
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PMID:Clarithromycin minimal inhibitory and bactericidal concentrations against Mycobacterium avium. 153 86

The prevalence of gonorrhea and urogenital chlamydia infection was investigated among female prostitutes in Tegucigalpa, Honduras. Epidemiological data were recorded according to a standardized questionnaire. The median age of the prostitutes was 27 years old and median period of prostitution was 2-4 years. Most of the women (91%) has no other occupation besides prostitution and 57% of them had not even completed primary school. Among 233 cases when both gonococcal culture and chlamydial antigen detection with a commercial EIA kit were performed, the prevalence of gonorrhea was 25% (59) and that of chlamydial infection 31% (72). Both diseases were recorded in 9%. The women who had been prostitutes for 2 or more years had gonorrhea (p0.01) or chlamydial infection (p0.05) less frequently than those who had practiced prostitution for a shorter time period. Among 70 different gonococcal isolates from 241 prostitutes, 40 (57%) belonged to serogroup W II/III. Most (83%) of the W I isolates were beta-lactamase producing (PPNG) as were 42% of the W II/III isolates. All non-PPNG isolates except 1 had decreased susceptibility to benzylpenicillin (MIC or= o.125 mg/1) and all isolates were susceptible to spectinomycin. 4 of 5 isolates from the throat were PPNG and the 5th had a benzylpenicillin MIC of 0.5-2.0 mg/l.
Int J STD AIDS
PMID:Gonorrhoea and urogenital chlamydial infection in female prostitutes in Tegucigalpa, Honduras. 190

The in vitro interaction of pentamidine with ketoconazole and with itraconazole was studied with 10 strains of Candida albicans isolated from acquired immunodeficiency syndrome patients and one azole-resistant strain. Although growth curves indicated that concentrations of 1 microgram or more of pentamidine per ml significantly inhibited the growth of C. albicans, MICs and minimum fungicidal concentrations (MFCs) were greater than or equal to 10 micrograms/ml. Combinations of ketoconazole and pentamidine did not appear to have any significant effect on MICs or MFCs with most strains. However, the azole-resistant strain exhibited a 2-log decrease in MIC when exposed to ketoconazole combined with 1.0 microgram or more of pentamidine per ml. Similar results were obtained with itraconazole. An Eagle, or paradoxical, effect was observed with four strains exposed to itraconazole alone and in combination with 0.01 and 0.1 microgram of pentamidine per ml. This effect was not seen when concentrations of pentamidine reached 1.0 microgram/ml. Although no fungicidal effect was observed with any of these drugs alone, itraconazole combined with 10 micrograms of pentamidine per ml was fungicidal for eight strains. No signs of antagonism between pentamidine and these two antifungal agents were observed.
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PMID:Effects of pentamidine alone and in combination with ketoconazole or itraconazole on the growth of Candida albicans. 196 4

Minimal inhibitory and bactericidal concentrations (MICs and MBCs) of rifampin (RMP), rifabutin (RBT), rifapentine (RPT), CGP-7040, and P-DEA, were determined for 50 M. avium strains in 7H12 liquid medium radiometrically under various pH conditions. Half were isolated from patients with AIDS and the other half from patients without AIDS but with pulmonary disease. The MICs and MBCs were also determined in 7H12 broth for M. tuberculosis strains. The MIC results obtained with M. tuberculosis strains, and the serum peak levels in humans, were used as standards for interpretation of the MICs and MBCs of the rifamycins for M. avium. The bactericidal activity of all rifamycins for M. avium was substantially lower than for M. tuberculosis. The majority of M. avium strains was within the "susceptible" category, e.g., comparable to susceptible M. tuberculosis strains, when tested with CGP-7040 and RPT, and all of them were "moderately susceptible" when tested with P-DEA. On the basis of in vitro bacteriostatic and bactericidal activity, it seems that three agents, RPT, P-DEA, and CGP-7040 have more potential than do RMP and RBT against M. avium disease.
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PMID:Bactericidal activity in vitro of various rifamycins against Mycobacterium avium and Mycobacterium tuberculosis. 215 55

Fluconazole, a novel triazole antifungal drug, holds promise as a significant advance in the management of human fungal diseases. This new drug can be both orally and parenterally administered and is reported to be less toxic than other antifungal agents. The Authors studied the in vitro susceptibility of yeasts isolated from AIDS patients to this antimycotic drug, in order to evaluate if fluconazole's MICs were comparable to those of amphotericin B. A sample of 200 yeast strains (100 C.albicans, 20 C.parapsilosis, 20 C.tropicalis, 8 C.guilliermondii, 6 C.krusei, 6 C.pseudotropicalis, 24 T.glabrata and 16 Cr.neoformans) was tested. The results show an average MIC for amphotericin B (MIC90: 3.12 micrograms/ml) ten-fold lower than for fluconazole (MIC90: 100 micrograms/ml). However, C.albicans and Cr.neoformans presented the same MIC value (3.12 micrograms/ml) both for fluconazole and for amphotericin B, suggesting that fluconazole could represent a valid alternative to amphotericin B in the treatment of fungal infections caused by these two agents.
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PMID:Fluconazole vs amphotericin B: "in vitro" comparative evaluation of the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) against yeasts isolated from AIDS patients. 227 82

The bactericidal activities of four injectable antituberculosis drugs, streptomycin, amikacin, kanamycin, and capreomycin, against Mycobacterium avium and M. tuberculosis were tested. All four drugs were highly bactericidal against M. tuberculosis, with low MBC/MIC ratios and MBCs significantly lower than the maximum achievalbe concentrations in serum (Cmax). In contrast, all four drugs had very low bactericidal activities against M. avium: the broth-determined MBCs were significantly higher than the Cmax. On a basis of comparisons with the broth-determined MICs found for susceptible M. tuberculosis strains and with the Cmax, about one-third of 100 M. avium strains tested can be tentatively considered as susceptible to three aminoglycosides (streptomycin, amikacin, and kanamycin) but not to capreomycin. In regard to the MBCs and MICs, the three aminoglycosides tested have about identical potentials as drugs of choice in combination with other drugs for chemotherapy of M. avium disease. The low bactericidal activities of these drugs against M. avium in vitro do not exclude their therapeutic usefulness, because they may produce a synergistic effect in combination with other drugs. Such an option is especially promising for patients whose isolates can be considered susceptible on the basis of the MIC. We found no differences in susceptibility to the four drugs tested for M. avium strains (identified by Gen-Probe) isolated from 50 patients with and 50 patients without acquired immune deficiency syndrome.
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PMID:Comparison of bactericidal activities of streptomycin, amikacin, kanamycin, and capreomycin against Mycobacterium avium and M. tuberculosis. 232 85


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