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Query: UMLS:C0001175 (AIDS)
 120,706 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

India has launched a liberalization of its economy with restructuring, privatization, and increased imports in order to achieve higher economic performance. This drive also affected the pharmaceutical industry and drug distribution, but in a negative manner. In the 1980s there were 9000 drug manufacturers that together produced up to 60,000 different preparations. In 1992, only 20,000 drugs were produced. The Voluntary Health Organization of India (VHAI) has fought for 10 years for a rational policy on medicines to halt the production of worthless or outright harmful products. For instance, anabolic steroids are sold as nutritional supplements to children, and the banned clioquinol is regularly used against diarrhea despite an international boycott. In recent years unscrupulous manufacturers have sold contaminated water as glucose for infusion bags and anti-D-immunoglobulin which was contaminated with HIV-infected blood. In northern India, a criminal organization bought up used cannulas from hospitals and repacked them for resale as new supplies. While a new medicine policy is formulated, there is a serious shortage of life-saving drugs such as insulin and rifampicin. In the last years, prices have exploded as some products have become six times more expensive. The whole national health system has undergone cost cuts to comply with an ultimatum from the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund; otherwise, sorely needed dollar loans would not be forthcoming. Funds for fighting tuberculosis and malaria have been trimmed, although AIDS and family planning budgets have been increased. One-fourth of the state health expenditures go to combat AIDS, since about 1 million people are infected with HIV. The pharmaceutical industry has also been embroiled in a patent protection wrangle with American drug exporters who claim that Retrovir or AZT (developed by Burroughs Wellcome) was pirated by the Cipla firm, whereas Cipla countered that it was ferreted out from scientific journals.
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PMID:[India: an expensive and dangerous drug]. 130 Jun 63

HIV infection develops not only to AIDS, but it is also a leading risk factor for the development of many other infectious diseases due to the depletion of T lymphocytes such as the interrelated prevalence of tuberculosis (TB) and AIDS. Surveillance conducted in the 1988-1989 in the US and other recent studies found a serious epidemiological relation. Thailand has an endemic disease, melioidosis, caused by P. pseudomallei living in environmental soil and water. The disease takes various clinical types; localized, systemic, acute, subacute, chronic, and inapparent; presenting symptoms undistinguishable from many other infectious diseases. Pulmonary melioidosis shows a clinical feature similar to lung tuberculosis which occurs more easily in the individuals of impaired immunity, such as diabetes patients. According to available literatures, one case of recurrent melioidosis has been reported in Thailand as a complication of AIDS. The patient was a German homosexual male who had been living in the country for more than 10 years and showed a fatal course with interstitial pneumonitis. Ubon Ratchathani province, Thailand, is an area endemic for both TB and melioidosis, as well as a major supplier of laborers to Bangkok. A preliminary survey was conducted for the prevalence of HIV infections in pulmonary TB and melioidosis patients in Ubon Ratchathani province. TB was found to be prevalent in the province to a greater extent than in most other provinces and melioidosis is endemic. Four individuals were found to be HIV-seropositive amid a total 551 suspected and culture-positive cases of pulmonary TB, while no HIV-seropositive case was found among 121 melioidosis patients. In view of the rapidly expanding HIV-infections in Thailand, careful attention will have to be given to the future epidemiological status of HIV infection in TB patients.
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PMID:A preliminary survey for human immunodeficient virus (HIV) infections in tuberculosis and melioidosis patients in Ubon Ratchathani, Thailand. 130 71

LP-BM5 MuLV infection of monocyte-macrophages (MM cells) and the ability of MM cells infected with this murine oncornavirus complex to transmit murine acquired immune deficiency syndrome (MAIDS) were assessed. Adherent cells expressing Mac-1 antigen (Mac-1+) were isolated from the peritoneum of infected C57BL/6 mice at weekly intervals postinoculation. A small percentage of MM cells was infected by 7 days after inoculation with LP-BM5 MuLV and virus production could be detected in MM cells throughout the course of disease. MAIDS could be induced in naive C57BL/6 mice by i.p. injection of 0.5-3 x 10(5) MM cells derived from infected mice as early as 8 weeks postinfection. When 3 x 10(5) cells (300 infectious centers) were injected, the progression of disease was similar to that seen after inoculation with a known virus pool (log10 5.78 XC pfu/ml). Treatment with zidovudine (ZDV) at 1 mg/ml in drinking water delayed disease progression if started 24 h prior to inoculation of MM cells and given continuously.
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PMID:ZDV delays but does not prevent the transmission of MAIDS by LP-BM5 MuLV-infected macrophage-monocytes. 131 59

Mycobacterium avium causes disease, principally tuberculosis in immunocompromised individuals. It is the most frequent cause of disseminated infections in AIDS patients in the West. The pathogen is also associated with disease in animals, chiefly birds and livestock, and may be isolated from environmental samples such as soil and water. Analysis of strains of M. avium isolated from clinical, veterinary, and environmental sources for the presence of the mycobacterial insertion sequences IS900 and IS901 demonstrates the specific association of IS901 to animal pathogenic M. avium strains. In contrast, most clinical M. avium strains and all AIDS-derived strains examined so far lacked IS901. Significant differences in the plasmid contents and serotypes of strains with and without IS901 were also found. We therefore suggest that the presence of IS901 divides M. avium into two clearly distinct subtypes with differing host range, virulence, plasmid possession, and serotyping antigens. By using DNA sequence data from IS901 and M. avium DNA, a set of polymerase chain reactions were developed for the specific detection and differentiation of these subtypes.
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PMID:Biologically distinct subtypes of Mycobacterium avium differ in possession of insertion sequence IS901. 812 98

Bangkok, the capital of Thailand, is a large city of about six million people. According to the rapid growth of economy, Bangkok faces to the problems of urbanization and industrialization. Non-communicable disease such as cardiovascular diseases, cancers are the leading causes of death. There is a trend of increasing air pollution in the congested areas and industrialized zones, with the increase over the ambient air quality standard involving suspended particulate matter. Other public health problems include the sanitation of restaurants, the quality of drinking water and coloring agents in food, drug addiction especially in young males. Poor hygiene in drug injection is one of the major causes of HIV transmission. AIDS, originally our imported disease, needs urgent prevention by health education and counseling. Improvements in government and non-government health care resources are still needed. A good cooperative city health plan serves a practical purpose, especially for the solution of the air and water pollution in Bangkok. However, pilot operational research on nutrition, health and environment in relation to city health planning needs to be discussed further for more effective implementation.
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PMID:Nutrition and the environmental situation in Bangkok. 134 57

The synthesis, chemistry, biochemistry, and anti-HIV activity of a series of 1-(2,3-dideoxy-2-fluoro-beta-D-threopentofuranosyl)pyrimidines have been studied in an attempt to find useful anti-AIDS drugs. Synthesis is carried out via a 2,3-dideoxyribose intermediate which facilitates the preparation of analogues by removing the sugar 3'-hydroxyl group prior to, rather than after, condensation with a uracil or cytosine aglycon. The 2'-F-dd-uridine analogues 7a-d (with H, F, Cl, and CH3 substitution in the 5-position) as well as the 4-deoxy compound (12b) are nonprotective to ATH8 or CEM cells infected with HIV-1. In the corresponding cytidine series, the 5-chloro analogue (11) is inactive. However, 2'-fluoro-2',3'-dideoxyarabinosylcytosine, 10a, and its 5-fluoro analogue, 10b, are both active. While neither compounds is a potent as ddC or 5-F-ddC (2b), 10b gives complete protection against the cytopathic effects of HIV in both host cell lines. 2'-Fluoro substitution confers increased chemical and enzymatic stability on dideoxynucleosides. Even though dideoxy pyrimidine nucleosides are inherently more stable than the corresponding purine analogues toward acid-catalyzed cleavage of the glycosidic bond, 2'-fluoro substitution (10a) still increases stabilization relative to ddC (2b). No detectable deamination by partially purified cytidine deaminase is observed with the 2'-fluoro compounds 10a, 10b, or 11 under conditions which rapidly deaminate cytidine. A small amount of 2'-F-dd-ara-U (7a) is formed from 10a in monkey plasma after greater than 24 h of exposure. The octanol-water partition coefficients for the dideoxynucleosides in this study indicate their hydrophilic character, with log P values varying from -0.28 to -1.18.
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PMID:Chemistry and anti-HIV properties of 2'-fluoro-2',3'-dideoxyarabinofuranosylpyrimidines. 135 45

The active principle of EP3, a fraction from an extract of the culture medium of Lentinus edodes mycelia (LEM), which activates murine macrophages, causes proliferation of bone marrow cells, and inhibit the replication of Human Immunodeficiency Virus in vitro, was characterized as a water-solubilized lignin. The detailed structural feature of this water-solubilized lignin was investigated and shown to be a highly condensed and polycarboxylated lignin which is denatured and solubilized by Lentinus edodes from bagasse. The water-solubilized lignin itself was confirmed to have both immunological activities and the antiviral activity.
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PMID:Structural characterization of the immunoactive and antiviral water-solubilized lignin in an extract of the culture medium of Lentinus edodes mycelia (LEM). 136 12

Phase I clinical trials of the purine analog 2',3'-dideoxyinosine (ddl) revealed that 10% of the patients developed pancreatitis, yet there was no clear relationship between increasing doses of ddl and the development of pancreatitis. To test the effects of chronic ddl administration on the structure and function of the rat pancreas, male Wistar rats were given ddl at 100 mg/kg/day i.p. for 35 days or 1400 mg/kg/day for 30 days, in two divided doses. Serum amylase levels, pancreatic tissue water content (edema) and pancreatic morphology by light and electron microscopic examination of pancreata from ddl-treated rats were similar to those of rats receiving saline injections only (controls). 2',3'-Dideoxyinosine administration did not alter the subcellular distribution of the lysosomal enzyme cathepsin B, whose redistribution to a more dense zymogen granule-enriched subcellular fraction is an early indicator of acute pancreatitis. Dispersed pancreatic acini from rats receiving ddl (100 mg/kg/day for 30 days) were incubated in vitro for 15 min with either caerulein or carbamylcholine as secretory stimuli. There was no detectable difference in the stimulatable amylase secretion from ddl-treated animals compared to the control group. Based on these findings, we conclude that ddl has no direct toxic effect on the rat pancreas. 2',3'-Dideoxyinosine may be contributing to pancreatitis in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome patients by potentiating other pancreatotoxic agents or by its action on a pancreas that is already altered by the human immunodeficiency virus infection.
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PMID:In vivo and in vitro effects of the azidothymidine analog dideoxyinosine on the exocrine pancreas of the rat. 137 99

Systemic antifungal agents express great diversity in their pharmacokinetic profiles, mechanisms of action, and toxicities. Understanding the diverse pharmacokinetic properties of systemic antifungals is critical to their appropriate application. Amphotericin B, drug of choice for most invasive mycoses, has unique pharmacokinetic properties, binding initially to serum lipoproteins and redistributing from blood to tissues. Dosing recommendations are based on the specific infection and the status of the host. Lipid formulations of amphotericin B may be able to attenuate some of its toxicities. Flucytosine is a water-soluble, fluorinated pyrimidine that possesses excellent bioavailability. It is administered only in combination with amphotericin B because of frequent development of secondary drug resistance, and is associated with dose-dependent bone marrow suppression. The antifungal azoles are relatively well tolerated, have broad spectrum antifungal activity, and are fungistatic in vitro. Ketoconazole and itraconazole are highly bound to plasma proteins, are extensively metabolised by the liver, and are relatively insoluble in aqueous solution. By comparison, fluconazole is only weakly bound to serum proteins, is relatively stable to metabolic conversion, and is water soluble. Fluconazole penetrates the cerebrospinal fluid well and is approved for primary and suppressive therapy of cryptococcal meningitis in AIDS patients. The echinocandins have a narrow spectrum of antifungal activity, being effective only against Candida spp.
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PMID:Systemically administered antifungal agents. A review of their clinical pharmacology and therapeutic applications. 137 13

Human milk feeding (HMF) as compared with formula feeding (FF) has the advantage of more effective utilization of proteins, fat, minerals and trace elements. HMF provides passive immunologic protection and active immunostimulation. It prevents the VLBWI from antigenic and toxic loads. The disadvantage of HMF is the high volume required tomeet the energy and protein needs of the VLBWI and the growing potential risk of AIDS, hepatitis and cytomegaly infections which makes human milk banking increasingly difficult. The current concept of VLBWI formula feeding (FF) is based on high protein, energy and mineral concentrations to compensate for the lower biological value, for lower bioavailability and for side effects related to the antigenicity of food proteins. FF as compared with HMF results is increased mineral and water retention, in high renal load and in a completely different body composition. The risk of necrotizing enteritis is significantly higher. All this has to be considered a challenge to further adapt LBWI formulas to the amino acid composition of human milk protein to induce bifidogenic effects and to provide sufficient amounts of essential fatty acids and carbohydrates which serve as building stones for normal brain development.
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PMID:Is mother's milk the most suitable food for very low birth weight infants? 139 65


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