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Query: UMLS:C0001175 (AIDS)
 120,706 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Dithiocarbamates and iron chelators were recently considered for the treatment of AIDS and neurodegenerative diseases. In this study, we show that dithiocarbamates and metal chelators can potently block the activation of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kappa B), a transcription factor involved in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) expression, signaling, and immediate early gene activation during inflammatory processes. Using cell cultures, the pyrrolidine derivative of dithiocarbamate (PDTC) was investigated in detail. Micromolar amounts of PDTC reversibly suppressed the release of the inhibitory subunit I kappa B from the latent cytoplasmic form of NF-kappa B in cells treated with phorbol ester, interleukin 1, and tumor necrosis factor alpha. Other DNA binding activities and the induction of AP-1 by phorbol ester were not affected. The antioxidant PDTC also blocked the activation of NF-kappa B by bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS), suggesting a role of oxygen radicals in the intracellular signaling of LPS. This idea was supported by demonstrating that treatment of pre-B and B cells with LPS induced the production of O2- and H2O2. PDTC prevented specifically the kappa B-dependent transactivation of reporter genes under the control of the HIV-1 long terminal repeat and simian virus 40 enhancer. The results from this study lend further support to the idea that oxygen radicals play an important role in the activation of NF-kappa B and HIV-1.
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PMID:Dithiocarbamates as potent inhibitors of nuclear factor kappa B activation in intact cells. 131 83

We have observed numerous iron granules in muscle fibres, endothelial cells and macrophages of muscle biopsy specimens of 21 out of 41 AIDS patients with different patterns of muscle involvement. All patients were severely immunodepressed. We report on our findings and discuss the mechanism of muscle siderosis that may point to deterioration of some functions of macrophages at a late stage of HIV infection.
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PMID:Muscle siderosis in AIDS: a marker for macrophage dysfunction? 137 5

Our knowledge concerning the pathogenesis of infection due to Haemophilus ducreyi is incomplete. In order to produce disease, H. ducreyi must presumably penetrate the skin of the external genitalia, colonize subcutaneous tissues, then produce tissue damage which results in ulcer formation. Penetration of the normal skin most likely occurs via minor abrasions. Adherence of H. ducreyi to different cell lines in vitro has been described, and might be mediated by adhesions such as pili or haemagglutinins. In addition, binding to extracellular matrix proteins has also been reported. Extracellular tissue-degrading enzymes were absent from broth culture supernatants of H. ducreyi. Such supernatants also failed to produce cytopathic effects with established or primary cell lines. Both live and heat-killed H. ducreyi organisms were able to produce lesions in a rabbit or a mouse model, although ulcer formation was dependent on viable H. ducreyi organisms in a recently introduced temperature-dependent rabbit model. With an excessive supply of iron, a more prolonged localized inflammatory disease effect was observed. Results derived from a subcutaneous chamber model demonstrated considerable changes in the expression of outer membrane proteins combined with antibody modulation during in vivo growth of H. ducreyi. These might be important factors for maintenance of infection in the human host particularly as these changes also occur in humans. Despite an increased knowledge of the pathogenesis of chancroid, important questions such as growth requirements, bubo-formation, role of cell-mediated immunity and ulcer formation are still unanswered. The application of molecular biological techniques in order to study these problems will be helpful.
Int J STD AIDS
PMID:Pathophysiological concept of Haemophilus ducreyi infection (chancroid) 139 Oct 58

Several intellectual "autopsies" have recently reviewed errors in clinical epidemiologic studies of causation, such as the original claim that amyl nitrite "poppers" caused AIDS. The current autopsy was done to determine why it took more than a decade--1942 to 1954--to end an iatrogenic epidemic in which high-dose oxygen therapy led to retrolental fibroplasia (RLF) in premature infants, blinding about 10,000 of them. The autopsy revealed a museum of diverse intellectual pathology. When first noted, RLF was regarded as neither a new disease nor a postnatal effect. In early investigations, the ophthalmologists did not establish explicit criteria for diagnosis and confused RLF with malformations previously seen in full-term infants. Because the patients were not referred until months after birth, the ophthalmologists assumed that the lesion, which resembled an embryologic structure, must have occurred prenatally. Other events suggesting a prenatal cause for RLF were its strong statistical associations with fetal anomalies, multiple gestations, and maternal infections. Although these events were also associated with prematurity, it was ignored when the RLF cases were compared with controls who were mainly full-term infants. The postnatal timing of RLF was eventually recognized when investigators did cohort studies in premature infants and found that RLF could develop in eyes that were normal at birth. As the search for a cause turned to events occurring after birth, statistical associations were produced for agents such as light, vitamins, iron, vitamin E deficiency, and hypoadrenalism. Each study had its own methodologic flaws: controls were missing for light; co-maneuvers were ignored for vitamins and iron; objective diagnosis was not used for vitamin E deficiency; and the research on hypoadrenalism contained biases in susceptibility and detection as well as problems of a competing outcome event. When the role of oxygen administration was first considered, the statistical association with RLF was stronger for vitamin- and iron-therapy than for oxygen. In addition, many investigators were dissuaded by contradictory evidence from institutions in which RLF was either absent despite high-dose oxygen or persistent despite reduced dosage. The contradictory evidence was later regarded as erroneous because of unsatisfactory delivery systems for the oxygen or failure to check the actual oxygen concentrations. An alternative explanatory hypothesis, rejecting the role of high-dose and long-duration oxygen, was the idea that RLF was due to "relative hypoxia", produced by overly rapid weaning from oxygen therapy rather than the duration of oxygen treatment itself.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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PMID:Oxygen as a cause of blindness in premature infants: "autopsy" of a decade of errors in clinical epidemiologic research. 143 8

We studied the prevalence of Cryptosporidium in 29 patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) from Zulia State, Venezuela. They ranged in age from five months to 46 years. Two were children and 27 were adults, of which six were women. Of the 21 men, 66.6% reported homosexual behavior. Three stool samples from each patient were examined, and modified Ziehl-Neelsen carbolfuchsin staining of formalinether stool concentrates was used to identify Cryptosporidium oocysts. To detect the presence of other intestinal parasites, direct wet mounts and iron-hematoxylin-stained smears were examined. Cryptosporidium was found in 12 (41.3%) of the patients and was identified as a single parasitic infection in seven of the 12 patients (58.3%). Other pathogenic parasites encountered were Giardia lamblia (3 of 12, 25%), Entamoeba histolytica (1 of 12, 8.3%), Ascaris lumbricoides, Trichuris trichiura, and Strongyloides stercoralis (each 1 of 12, 8.3%). Blastocystis hominis, an organism with an uncertain taxonomic position and pathogenicity, was observed in three of 12 patients (25%). An inflammatory exudate was observed in 10 of 12 patients infected with Cryptosporidium. Most of the patients with this infection presented with chronic watery diarrhea and weight loss. Our results suggest that Cryptosporidium is very common in AIDS patients with diarrhea in Venezuela. However, the role of this parasite as an enteropathogen in these patients is uncertain.
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PMID:Cryptosporidiosis among patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome in Zulia State, Venezuela. 144 98

Swaziland is a kingdom with 800,000 inhabitants bordering on Mozambique and South Africa with about 50% of the population under 15 years of age. The experience of a nurse in a small clinic in the course of several years is recounted. Swaziland ranks 3rd in the world in alcohol abuse which often leads to wounds requiring suturing. Penicillin is given prophylactically with a paracetamol preparation for analgesia. As a rule, every injured person will get a .5 ml tetanus injection for prophylaxis. The most serious conditions of polyclinic patients are hepatitis, bilharzia, diarrhea, pellagra, pneumonia, and malnutrition. A great number of patients have sexually transmitted diseases, and the rate of AIDS infection is not known. According to 1 study 60-80% of the population in reproductive age will die of AIDS in the course of a 5-year period. The majority of people are impervious to counseling about their sexual behavior in spite of educational programs on the radio, in schools, and in work places. Condoms are not popular, since they are not considered manly. Pregnant women receive iron and multivitamin tablets in the course of pregnancy. Many pregnant women are anemic, and 70% give birth at home, the rest in a hospital or clinic. During delivery they get no analgesia, and there are few complications. The average weight of the newborn is 3.5 kg, although none of the women are under 150 cm. A little after birth all children are vaccinated with bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) and polio, later with diphtheria-pertussis-tetanus (DPT) and measles.
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PMID:[Nursing under a different sky. Swaziland]. 146 29

Excessive hemosiderin-laden perivascular macrophages have been described in the brains of patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) who underwent autopsy; its meaning remains unclear. In the brains of 53 patients with AIDS who consecutively underwent autopsy, we quantified the abnormality, elucidated its relationship to the pathologic features of AIDS, and asked if there was some relationship to endogenous iron storage and transport proteins in brain macrophages and microglia. The number of perivascular siderotic macrophages was significantly increased in patients with AIDS compared with age-matched control subjects. Macrophage siderosis was strongly correlated with the presence of disseminated mycobacterial infection and vacuolar myelopathy at autopsy; a generalized wasting (cachexia) also was related significantly. Many other pathologic abnormalities were not related, including putative human immunodeficiency virus-specific neuropathologic changes such as multinucleated cells and myelin pallor. Activated macrophages and microglial cells in the central nervous system had dense intracytoplasmic accumulation of ferritin (iron storage protein) in AIDS and non-AIDS patients. These results suggest that siderosis of cerebral macrophages is related to an ill-defined nonspecific systemic imbalance associated with the breakdown of abundant stores of endogenous intracellular ferritin. Understanding chronic "secondary" effects of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection will become increasingly important as improved survival in patients with AIDS is realized.
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PMID:Siderotic cerebral macrophages in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. 158 Jul 55

The author relates her experience in Benin during a 3 and 1/2 year tenure as a nurse under the aegis of the German Development Agency. In Malanville, she was responsible for starting the operating room, caring for hygiene, sterility, and the related training of domestic staff. A septic and aseptic operating room was set up along with a storage room for instruments, a sterilization room, and a changing room. For the operating and surgical station, the following personnel were available: 2 nurses with 3 years of training, 1 nurse with 2 years of training, and 3 orderlies without training. A nurse with 3 years of training was assigned to the author to carry on the project after her departure. The standard of operating care was very low. It took a month to teach the staff what was not sterile. There was a even problem with putting on sterile gloves which required an exercise in patience. There were an average of 5 relatives per patient taking care of the patient and cooking. The undernutrition center for infants had 6 beds with 2 German nurses who administered Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG), diphtheria, polio, and tetanus vaccinations. Their activity was strengthened by nutrition counselling and plans for underweight and malnourished children. Abrupt weaning that resulted in harmful diarrhea and vomiting was prevalent. Clinical signs of marasmus and kwashiorkor were frequent. In the middle of 1990, AIDS educators informed students of the public school as well as registered prostitutes about condom use. In the hospital, there were about 900 births per year, and women were asked to follow recommendations for prenatal care, especially to achieve anemia prevention by getting iron tablets. They were urged to deliver in the clinic, not at home assisted by untrained midwives. Oxytocin and syntometrin were available as was a hand-driven, vacuum evacuation pump. This experience made a lasting impression on the author who has resolved to go to another developing country to train traditional birth attendants in midwifery.
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PMID:[In Africa as a nurse]. 161 98

Serum alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) and transferrin (Tf) are actively endocytosed by many growing cells during ontogenic and neoplastic growth, but also by peripheral T lymphocytes upon mitogen activation. AFP and Tf uptake occurs through receptor-mediated endocytosis. The purpose of the present work was to assess whether the expression and functional activity of AFP and Tf receptors are impaired in mitogen-activated T cells from several groups of HIV-1 seropositive (HIV+) individuals. Forty HIV+ cases were studied, including 12 patients with AIDS, 12 with lymphoadenopathy syndrome (LAS), as well as 16 asymptomatic homosexuals (As). Quantification of AFP and Tf uptake was carried out by fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) using fluoresceinated derivatives of these proteins. Compared with healthy blood donors, the three HIV-1 seropositive groups exhibited clear impairment in the ability of their peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) to internalize AFP and Tf. The decrease in mean values of AFP uptake correlates roughly with the severity of the clinical status. Although these observations need to be confirmed after a much wider study groups, the AFP-Tf-endocytosis assay presented here clearly reveals early defective functions of mitogen-responsive T cells in disease-free subjects and may provide the basis for a prognostic test. The pathophysiological implications of these facts are discussed in relation to the structural and/or metabolic activities of fatty acids and iron, the ligands carried by AFP and Tf, respectively.
AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 1990 Mar
PMID:Defective uptake of alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) and transferrin (Tf) by PHA-activated peripheral blood lymphocytes from patients with AIDS and related syndromes. 169 25

To determine the true incidence of abnormalities in bone marrow specimens from patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and the clinical significance of these abnormalities regarding their cause and their role in the production of hematologic complications, 216 bone marrow biopsies, aspirates, and/or imprint preparations from 178 patients who either were seropositive for HIV infection or met the Centers for Disease Control (CDC) criteria for acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) were studied. Detailed morphologic review was performed in a blind fashion as to clinical status. Extensive clinical, therapeutic, and laboratory data were collected for each patient. Statistical analysis was performed to detect significant correlations between morphologic findings and clinical/therapeutic/laboratory features. Among the most common bone marrow findings were hypercellularity (53% of specimens), myelodysplasia (69%), evidence of reticuloendothelial (RE) iron blockade (65%), megaloblastic hematopoiesis (38%), fibrosis (20%), plasmacytosis (25%), lymphocytic aggregates (36%), and granulomas (13%). A number of statistically significant correlations between morphologic findings and clinical features were noted. No significant association was detected between any morphologic finding and therapy with a variety of drugs. In 7 of 14 (50%) patients found to have marrow involvement by malignant neoplasm, the bone marrow represented the initial site of diagnosis of the neoplasm. Most of the bone marrow abnormalities associated with HIV infection appear to be related directly to the infection or its complications and not to therapeutic intervention. In certain clinical situations, bone marrow examination continues to be useful in the management of patients infected with HIV.
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PMID:The bone marrow in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-related disease. Morphology and clinical correlation. 170 27


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