Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0001175 (AIDS)
 120,706 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Presentations at the Fifth Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections focused on new and novel HIV treatments. Four new agents in advanced testing are described: abacavir (1592), efavirenz (DMP-266), adefovir dipivoxil (bis-POM PMEA), and amprenavir (141W94). Other new drugs are being developed; however, the drugs are not as far along in the testing and approval process. The new drugs include integrase inhibitors, zinc finger inhibitors, cyclams and bycyclams, fusion inhibitors, and CKR-5 gene therapy. A summary of each drug is provided.
Newsline People AIDS Coalit N Y 1998 Mar
PMID:Novel approaches for the treatment of HIV. 1136 50

The Community Research Initiative on AIDS is currently screening potential volunteers for clinical trials. Current studies include the effects of protease inhibitors on blood sugar, the effectiveness of twice a day Crixivan dosing, the effectiveness of adefovir dipivoxil in combination with protease inhibitors, the effectiveness of DMP 266 in combination with several drugs, and the effects of Oxandrolone on weight loss in women. Participants will be reimbursed after enrollment. Contact information and eligibility requirements are included.
Newsline People AIDS Coalit N Y 1998 Sep
PMID:CRIA clinical trials. 1136 96

The FDA recently approved efavirenz (Sustiva, DMP 266), which is a powerful anti-HIV drug when used in combination therapy. Efavirenz is believed to be as potent as Indinavir in many cases. Testing positive for marijuana use is a possible side effect of using efavirenz, but this false positive can be verified with a test that uses gas chromatography.
Newsline People AIDS Coalit N Y
PMID:Efavirenz newly approved. 1136 1

An HIV-positive patient presented with pulmonary tuberculosis as her AIDS-defining diagnosis in 1993 and was effectively treated with 12 months of standard antituberculosis medications (isoniazide, rifampin, and pyrazinamide for 2 months). She received zidovudine for 6 weeks at the time of her diagnosis; however, because of patient preference, she has not received subsequent standard HIV medications (7 years). Her CD4 count at the time of diagnosis (1993) was 297/microL. Monthly passive immunotherapy was administered (fresh frozen plasma from HIV-negative blood donors with a significant titer for the anti-vasoactive intestinal peptide [VIP]/NTM antibody) from December 1993 to June 1994. Her CD4 count increased to > 400/microL during the passive immunotherapy and has remained stable for the past 6 years. The rational for the use of anti-VIP/NTM antibodies preparations in HIV, the possible mode of action of anti-VIP/NTM antibodies, the use of Ig preparations, and the role of exercise as a natural source of anti-VIP/NTM antibodies are discussed. This case report supports the potential therapeutic use of anti-VIP antibodies for treatment of HIV disease.
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PMID:The role of passive immunization in hiv-positive patients : a case report. 1150 75

HIV is a major health problem in Thailand. These patients are vulnerable to opportunistic infections, especially Mycobacterium tuberculosis and MAC infection. However, NTM was considered a rare disease in Thailand before the AIDS era. In this study, there were 38 HIV seropositive patients with NTM (other than MAC) identified from clinical specimens during the 3 year period 1998-2000 at Siriraj Hospital, which has a higher prevalence than the previous report. Among these patients, 29 cases were likely to have had definite infection from NTM, 5 cases possibly had NTM as a pathogen, and 4 cases had NTM as colonization. The most common site of infection was the lung (87%) and most common symptoms were cough (62.2%), fever (34.2%), weight loss (42.1%), and lymphadenopathy (5.3%). The outcome was poor because many NTM are not susceptible to standard medication for tuberculosis which is the empirical treatment for the majority of HIV seropositive patients with a clinical finding suspected of mycobacterial infection. The fatality rate was as high as 58.6 per cent. Awareness of NTM as a potential pathogen in HIV seropositive patientsand adjustment of medications even before the availability of culture results may improve the outcome of treatment of NTM infection in HIV seropositive patients.
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PMID:Infection due to nontuberculous Mycobacterium other than MAC in AIDS patients at Siriraj hospital during 1998-2000: saprophyte vs pathogen. 1240 9

It has been reported that the C-terminus of the second conserved region (C2) of the envelope glycoprotein gp120, encompassing peptide RSANFTDNAKTIIVQLNESVEIN (NTM), is important for infectivity and neutralization of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1). It was also demonstrated that human natural anti-vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) antibodies reactive with this gp120 region play an important role in control of HIV disease progression. The bioinformatic analysis based on the time-frequency signal processing revealed non-obvious similarities between NTM and VIP. When tested against a battery of sera from 46 AIDS patients, these peptides, in spite of a significant difference in their primary structures, showed a similar reactivity profiles (r = 0.83). Presented results point out that similarity in the periodical pattern of some physicochemical properties in primary structures of peptides plays a significant role in determination of their immunological crossreactivity. Based on these findings, we propose this bioinformatic criterion be used for design of VIP/NTM peptide mimetics for prevention and treatment of HIV disease.
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PMID:Design of peptide mimetics of HIV-1 gp120 for prevention and therapy of HIV disease. 1296 95

The genus Mycobacterium consists of >50 species that have been associated with human disease. Mycobacterium are categorised into M. tuberculosis and NTM that are also subdivided into rapid growers and non-rapid growers. Five major clinical syndromes have been described that are attributable to mycobacterium. These include: pulmonary disease; lymphadenitis; skin, soft tissue, and skeletal infections; catheter-related blood-stream infections in immunocompromised hosts; and disseminated disease in persons with AIDS. There is very limited documentation of person-to-person transmission of NTM. Nosocomial infections and outbreaks caused by inadequate disinfection/sterilisation of medical devices or environmental contamination of medications or medical devices are well described. Staining for AFB, culture, histopathologic, or genetic amplification technologies are used to detect and identify mycobacterium. Pulsed- field gel electrophoresis is the method of choice to determine strain relatedness. At present, susceptibility testing for non-tuberculous mycobacteria is not fully standardised and has not been correlated with clinical outcomes.
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PMID:The mycobacteriology of non-tuberculous mycobacteria. 1498 Feb 75

New-onset seizures are frequent manifestations in patients infected with Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV). We describe the clinical and radiological findings in an 25yr old AIDS patient presenting with new onset seizures as the primary manifestation of cerebral toxoplasmosis and Non Tuberculous Mycobacterial [NTM] co-infection. Cranial computed tomography showed a subtle ventricular dilatation whereas magnetic resonance imaging disclosed prominent temporal horn. Toxoplasma tachyzoites and rapidly growing mycobacteria were recovered from CSF. Seizures were complex partial in nature and refractory to antiepileptic therapy.
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PMID:Non Tuberculous Mycobacteria and toxoplasma co-infection of the central nervous system in a patient with AIDS. 2046 37

People with HIV infection have several risk factors for developing neuropsychiatric adverse events: preexisting conditions, HIV disease stage, and antiretroviral treatment. The most widely used system for assessing neuropsychiatric adverse events in clinical trials is the US Division of AIDS severity grading scale, from Grade 1 (mild) to Grade 4 (life-threatening). First-line treatment with efavirenz has been associated with higher rates of neuropsychiatric adverse events than several other antiretrovirals. A MEDLINE search identified 17 randomized clinical trials of first-line HAART with two nucleoside analogs plus efavirenz, of which 13 reported neuropsychiatric adverse events using the Grade 1-4 system. The percentage of patients with graded neuropsychiatric adverse events, and the system used for analysis, was compared across the trials. Of the 13 trials identified, there were five different methods used to report neuropsychiatric adverse events: Grade 1-4 all, Grade 1-4 drug related, Grade 2-4 all, Grade 2-4 drug related, Grade 3-4 all, Grade 3-4 drug related, and adverse events leading to discontinuation. In addition, three trials used questionnaire-based methods instead of the Division of AIDS grading system. There were a significantly higher percentage of patients with Grade 1-4 neurological or psychiatric adverse events in the efavirenz versus comparator arms in the DMP-006, TMC278-C204, and STARTMRK trials. There were generally too few patients with each individual neuropsychiatric adverse event to allow meaningful comparisons of treatment arms. There were no significant differences in Grade 3 or 4 neuropsychiatric adverse events between the treatment arms in the ACTG 5142 or 2NN trials. In summary, there is a wide range of different systems used to report neuropsychiatric adverse events in HIV clinical trials. Use of a standardized endpoint would improve the interpretability of results across clinical trials.
AIDS Rev
PMID:Analysis of neuropsychiatric adverse events during clinical trials of efavirenz in antiretroviral-naive patients: a systematic review. 2057 1

The mycolyl transferase antigen 85 complex is a major secreted protein family from mycobacterial culture filtrate, demonstrating powerful T cell stimulatory properties in most HIV-negative, tuberculin-positive volunteers with latent M.tuberculosis infection and only weak responses in HIV-negative tuberculosis patients. Here, we have analyzed T cell reactivity against PPD and Ag85 in HIV-infected individuals, without or with clinical symptoms of tuberculosis, and in AIDS patients with disease caused by nontuberculous mycobacteria. Whereas responses to PPD were not significantly different in HIV-negative and HIV-positive tuberculin-positive volunteers, responses to Ag85 were significantly decreased in the HIV-positive (CDC-A and CDC-B) group. Tuberculosis patients demonstrated low T cell reactivity against Ag85, irrespective of HIV infection, and finally AIDS patients suffering from NTM infections were completely nonreactive to Ag85. A one-year follow-up of twelve HIV-positive tuberculin-positive individuals indicated a decreased reactivity against Ag85 in patients developing clinical tuberculosis, highlighting the protective potential of this antigen.
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PMID:T cell reactivity against mycolyl transferase antigen 85 of M. tuberculosis in HIV-TB coinfected subjects and in AIDS patients suffering from tuberculosis and nontuberculous mycobacterial infections. 2093 50


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