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Query: UMLS:C0001175 (AIDS)
 120,706 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

To study the pathogenesis of multicentric Castleman's disease (MCD), IL-6 producing cells and immune function were investigated in four MCD patients. The expression of IL-6 mRNA in one MCD lymph node was analysed by in situ hybridization. IL-6 mRNA expressing cells were scattered in the interfollicular areas and did not resemble plasma cells. Spontaneous IL-6 production was detected in the culture supernatants of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMNC) from four patients. The IL-6 producing cells among the PBMNC were found to be monocytes by both in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry. We evaluated immune function in four MCD patients. These studies show: (1) a negative PPD skin test in 3/4 patients, (2) decreased IL-2 production in 3/4 patients, (3) decreased T cell colony formation in 3/4 patients, (4) decreased NK activity and NK cell number in 2/4 patients, (5) increased soluble IL-2 receptor in 4/4 patients, and (6) decreased CD4/CD8 ratio in 3/4 patients. These results show that MCD resembles, in several ways, acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS).
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PMID:Immunodeficiency and IL-6 production by peripheral blood monocytes in multicentric Castleman's disease. 804 30

The two fragments of HIV-1 gp120 molecule were synthesized to study their interaction with human monocytes. Previous observations indicated that recombinant gp120 fragment (aa residues 410-511) encompassing CD4 binding region (rp120cd) induced tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF) production in monocytes, while a similar fragment (rp120) not containing the CD4 binding sequence (aa 446-511) was inactive. This paper shows that rp120cd depressed monocyte ability to present antigen (PPD) to autologous T lymphocytes while rp120 was noninhibitory. The rp120cd interacted with monocytes but not T lymphocytes. Anti-TNF receptor type A antibody (utr-1) prevented the depression of antigen presentation caused by rp120cd, which suggested a role for TNF and its receptor. The depression of antigen presentation was seen only when monocytes were treated with rp120cd before, but not after, pulse with antigen. Parallel changes were observed in PPD-induced IL-6 production. Thus, induction of TNF by gp120 may be associated with impairment of antigen-presenting capacity of monocytes seen in AIDS patients.
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PMID:Modulation of antigen-presenting capacity of human monocytes by HIV-1 GP120 molecule fragments. 807 Aug 47

We studied 567 patients with active pulmonary tuberculosis (APT) in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, by using a standardized questionnaire and by testing blood for HIV antibodies. The rate of HIV infection was 3.9% in 1987, 4.8% in 1988, and 5.2% in 1989, and did not differ by sex. It was highest (7.4%) in the 15- to 39-year age group. There was no difference between patients infected and not infected by HIV with regard to education, income, housing, or employment. Among all patients with definite HIV risk behavior, the HIV infection rate was 23.3%, rising to 31.2% among homo/bisexual men and 36.4% among intravenous drug users, and the rate was 6.5% for blood-transfusion recipients. Among patients who denied risk behavior, the rate was 1.2%. Generalized lymphadenopathy and oral candidiasis occurred with greater frequency among HIV-infected patients (p < 0.0001). Applying the World Health Organization 1985 clinical criteria and revised case definition for AIDS, we found, respectively, sensitivities of 34% and 76.9% and specificities of 31% and 26.3%; in the Rio de Janeiro environment, these clinical criteria without HIV serology should not be adopted for tuberculosis patients. For chest radiographs, a significant association was found between HIV infection and the occurrence of atypical images (p = 0.0001), and hilar and/or mediastinal adenopathy (p = 0.0002) and absence of cavities (p = 0.0003). A PPD (purified protein derivative) skin test induration of < 5 mm was identified in 53% of the HIV-positive cases and in 31.3% of the HIV-negative cases. Only 11.5% of HIV-infected APT patients met the Centers for Disease Control 1987 AIDS criteria.
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PMID:HIV infection in 567 active pulmonary tuberculosis patients in Brazil. 834 Aug 89

Kyowa Medex Co., Ltd. developed the kit for the sero-diagnosis of tuberculosis, which detects IgG antibodies against tuberculous glycolipids antigen containing cord factor (TBGL antigen) prepared from M. tuberculosis using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay technique. We evaluated the kit using clinical specimens and the results are as follows: 1) In total, 34 out of 39 cases (87.2%) with active pulmonary tuberculosis showed positive anti-TBGL antibody. 2) Patients with cavity, patients with extensive lesions and patients excreting large amount of acid fast bacilli tended to show high positivity rates. 3) The antibody titers increased in 7 out of 11 cases after starting the antituberculous chemotherapy. 4) The use of the antibody is unsuitable for the determination of the activity of tuberculosis since the antibody titers only slightly decreased even after chemotherapy for two years. 5) Two out of four nontuberculous mycobacteriosis cases showed high antibody titers 6) All three AIDS patients with tuberculosis showed low antibody titers. 7) The antibody was negative in almost all healthy controls showing a positive PPD skin test after vaccination with BCG, and it was therefore assumed that the antibody titer is not increased by BCG vaccination. 8) The antibody titers of the staff members working in the tuberculosis wards were not high compared with those of staff members working in the other wards.
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PMID:[Serodiagnosis of tuberculosis by detection of antituberculous glycolipid antigen (TBGL antigen) antibodies in serum using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay: clinical evaluation of anti-TBGL antibodies assay kit]. 901 Nov 33

In tropical areas where Plasmodium falciparum malaria is endemic, concurrent HIV infection does not appear to increase malaria prevalence. To investigate the immunologic interactions between these two infections, 66 adults from Bobo Dioulasso, Burkina Faso, were enrolled in a study in May 1994. The group included 29 HIV-negative adults and 37 hospitalized HIV-positive adults with clinical AIDS and under 250 CD4+ cells per mcgl of blood. All subjects belonged to a population exposed to numerous falciparum malaria infections since birth and were thus presumed to have developed specific antimalarial protective immune mechanisms prior to HIV infection. AIDS patients had a reduced hemoglobin content and a lower number of CD3+ and CD4+ lymphocytes than healthy controls. All thick blood smears were negative for malaria parasites, but the mean level of antibodies to P. falciparum was lower and the total immunoglobulin G content of plasma was higher in AIDS patients than controls. In vitro lymphocyte proliferation and cytokine (IFN-psi, IL-2, and IL-4) production were assessed in isolated mononuclear cells (PBMC) in the presence of PHA, PPD, or 3 antimalarial agents: the baculovirus-expressed protein from P. falciparum Merozoite Surface Protein-1, a P. falciparum in vitro culture, and a crude schizont extract. AIDS patients presented with decreased levels of cell proliferation and of IFN-psi and IL-2 production compared to healthy controls in response to all antigens except the schizont extract. IL-4 production levels were similar in both groups. Mitogenic stimulation of whole blood cultures revealed similar trends in cytokine production as in PBMC cultures. These findings confirm that not all effector cells involved in the immune responses directed against malaria are affected by concurrent HIV infection and/or that important CD4+ independent mechanisms of protection against malaria are conserved. It has been proposed that HIV infection causes a selective depletion of T cell subsets that are not implicated in the antimalarial immune response.
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PMID:Selected P. falciparum specific immune responses are maintained in AIDS adults in Burkina Faso. 922 86

We assessed the extent to which co-infection with HIV and Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) was diagnosed at several high risk clinical care sites from 1992 to 1994 to determine whether surveillance for co-infection was performed. Information on PPD skin testing, HIV status, and HIV risk exposures was extracted from records at HIV clinics in Rhode Island and a large database (HIV sites) and from records at the state TB clinic and the Rhode Island Health Department (TB sites). At the HIV sites, 34 of 1,408 HIV infected subjects were newly diagnosed with Mtb infection in the study period. At the TB sites, 16 of 1,389 subjects with newly diagnosed Mtb infection or disease were identified as HIV infected. Eighty per cent of the records reviewed for this study were incomplete. Hispanic subjects were at higher risk of being identified as co-infected at the HIV sites. At the TB sites, US-born subjects were at higher risk of being identified as co-infected Recommendations for high risk individuals include yearly tuberculosis skin testing. Adherence to these guidelines in selected high-risk clinical care sites in Rhode Island was substandard during the study period; the importance of Mtb screening was demonstrated in this study. Identification of groups that are at higher risk of having HIV and Mtb co-infection identified may enable health care providers to improve testing and prevention of tuberculosis at high risk clinical care settings.
AIDS Care 1998 Apr
PMID:Co-infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis and HIV in high risk clinical care setting in Rhode Island. 962 5

Recombinant live Mycobacterium bovis BCG strains (rBCG) expressing different human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) or simian immunodeficiency (SIV) antigens could be good candidates for the development of vaccines against AIDS. To develop effective HIV/SIV vaccines, humoral and cellular immune responses directed against multiple antigens may be essential for the control of the infection. In this study we immunized BALB/c mice via different mucosal routes (oral, aerogenic, nasal, and rectal) with a mixture of three rBCG strains expressing, respectively, the entire SIVmac251 Nef protein, and large fragments of the Env and Gag proteins. All routes of immunization studied induced immunoglobulin A (IgA) antibodies against mycobacterial PPD, SIV Env, and SIV Gag antigens in feces and bronchial lavages as well as specific immunoglobulin G (IgG) in serum. Strong, specific cytotoxic responses of splenocytes against Nef, Env, and Gag was observed whatever the mucosal route of immunization. Therefore, mucosal vaccination with a cocktail of rBCG strains induces local, specific IgA, systemic IgG, and systemic CTLs against the three SIV antigens expressed. Rectal and oral routes seemed the most appropriate route of vaccination to be used to protect against SIV infection.
AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 1998 Dec 20
PMID:A cocktail of Mycobacterium bovis BCG recombinants expressing the SIV Nef, Env, and Gag antigens induces antibody and cytotoxic responses in mice vaccinated by different mucosal routes. 987 Mar 15

The effect of a mycobacterial infection on AIDS disease was studied in the simian model. Monkeys were infected with the primary virulent isolate SIV/DeltaB670 and inoculated 90 days later with BCG, an attenuated strain of Mycobacterium bovis. All monkeys experienced a dramatic transient increase in plasma viremia and CCR5 expression on T lymphocytes after BCG inoculation. Only two of the four SIV+ animals had substantial proliferative responses to PPD, with poor responders developing disseminated BCG during the course of the experiment. BCG inoculation of SIV-infected long-term nonprogressor (LTNP) monkeys was also performed. Similar to the acutely infected animals, two of three LTNPs experienced increases in plasma viral levels and CCR5 expression. In the majority of animals studied, there was no accelerated progression to AIDS despite the concomitant transient stimulation of virus replication and CCR5 expression on T lymphocytes.
AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2000 Nov 20
PMID:Effect of mycobacterial infection on virus loads and disease progression in simian immunodeficiency virus-infected rhesus monkeys. 1111 75

After growing controversy about the usefulness and effectiveness of anergy testing, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) may change its four-year-old recommendation that all HIV-positive people at risk for Tuberculosis (TB) be tested for anergy at the time of their TB skin test. Anergy, a condition in which immunosuppressed people cannot mount a reaction to a PPD (purified protein derivative) skin test, is common in HIV-positive patients. Although anergy testing has been common practice, an unpublished study from the Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore suggests that anergy testing is not an accurate diagnosis for infection. As a result, health officials are revising recommendations to underscore the controversy. Earlier this year, the CDC's Advisory Council for the Elimination of Tuberculosis (ACET) revised its guidelines on TB screening in high risk populations, stating that the scientific basis for anergy testing is tenuous and is generally not part of screening for TB infection. However, those at high risk for TB may be evaluated for anergy, taking into account that anergy practices are not well standardized. The Hopkins study found high rates of change in anergy status in both seropositive and seronegative groups although they found that anergy did tend to stabilize in HIV-positive patients with CD4 counts below 350.
AIDS Alert 1995 Apr
PMID:Anergy tests draw strong reaction from experts. 1136 46

The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) has advised health care workers to evaluate HIV-positive people for delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) anergy at the time of PPD (purified protein derivative) testing. However, controversy remains among those that feel anergy testing is either unnecessary or inaccurate. A study conducted by researchers at the Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore, MD, demonstrated that anergy test results were not stable. If CD4 counts are above 500, it is highly unlikely that they will be anergic. Anergy testing may be just as unnecessary in patients with low CD4 counts. People with CD4 counts less than 200 are very likely to be anergic. The CDC recommends that if patients are anergic, those with a high risk of TB infection should be given prophylaxis. Researchers at Hopkins suggest that clinicians look closely at rates of prevalence and incidence within the patient's community. Given limited resources, and limited incidence and prevalence of TB, Hopkins representatives suggest providers concentrate efforts on PPD-positive patients.
AIDS Alert 1995 Apr
PMID:Some HIV clinics changing protocols on anergy. 1136 53


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