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Query: UMLS:C0001175 (AIDS)
 120,706 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The immunological profile of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) and chronic lymphadenopathy syndrome (CLAS) in 15 and 11 Brazilian patients, respectively, was studied. The AIDS patients showed reduced percentage of total T (CD3) and T-helper-inducer (CD4) lymphocytes, relative increase in numbers of T-suppressor-cytotoxic (CD8) cells and a marked inversion of T-helper-inducer/suppressor-cytotoxic (CD4/CD8) ratio. Lymphoproliferative responses to PHA, ConA, PPD and PWM were diminished. Hypergammaglobulinemia and high levels of circulating immune complexes were also found. The CLAS patients also showed important immunological alterations, but not so intense as those with AIDS. These data seems to be similar to those observed in other parts of the world.
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PMID:Immunological abnormalities of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome and related disorders in patients from Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. 297 58

The occurrence of HTLV-III antibodies in a voluntary group of 175 homosexual men in a low risk AIDS area was studied, and the findings were correlated to clinical, virological, immunological and lifestyle parameters. Fifteen of 175 men had HTLV-III antibodies; two of these had AIDS, five had LAS and two had enlarged lymph nodes. In the HTLV-III antibody negative group, no signs of AIDS or pre-AIDS were seen during a 10 month follow-up. In HTLV-III antibody positive individuals, low TH/TS ratio was mainly due to decreased number of TH cells. Most HTLV-III antibody positive cases had low responses to a specific antigen, PPD, while responses to the mitogens PHA and PWM were only slightly affected. In HTLV-III antibody negative cases, 13% had a low TH/TS ratio, mostly due to elevation of TS cells. In this group, mitogen and antigen responses were normal or only slightly affected. The results reinforce the causal relationship between HTLV-III and AIDS and suggest that the cells primarily affected by the virus infection are TH cells, responsible for antigen specific responses. Longitudinal studies are required to find out, what is the relationship of immune response to the development of clinical AIDS in HTLV-III infected individuals.
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PMID:Immune functions in homosexual men with antibodies to HTLV-III in Finland. 298 32

Production of interferon (IFN)-gamma by peripheral blood leukocytes (PBL) was examined in cultures of unseparated fresh whole blood exposed to phytohemagglutinin (PHA), concanavalin A (Con A), or pokeweed mitogen (PWM). The yield of IFN-gamma was measured by a newly developed immunoradiometric assay. Nine of 14 patients with acute pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) showed a depressed IFN-gamma response to Con A and/or PWM. Only four of these TB patients also showed a depressed IFN-gamma response to PHA. Stimulation of the patients' PBL cultures with PHA in the presence of exogenous interleukin 2 (IL 2) produced normal IFN-gamma yields in all but the most severely depressed patients. PBL cultures of TB patients with defective IFN-gamma production in response to mitogenic lectins also produced less IFN-gamma after stimulation with tuberculin PPD. Although some patients showed a moderate degree of lymphopenia, their OKT4/T8 lymphocyte ratios were mostly normal or close to normal, with the notable exception of one TB patient who has been diagnosed to have the acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS).
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PMID:Defective gamma-interferon production in peripheral blood leukocytes of patients with acute tuberculosis. 308 65

To date, 16 cases of AIDS have been officially reported in Japan: 8 of them were hemophiliacs and the others were male homosexuals. We had two hemophiliacs with AIDS, and describe these cases in this paper. One was a 48-year-old man with hemophilia B and the other was a 62-year-old man with hemophilia A. Both had ARC symptoms before developing overt and fatal opportunistic infections, candidiasis and a combination of atypical mycobacteriosis and aspergillosis. Impairment of cellular immunity such as lowered T4/T8 ratio, depressed lymphocyte response to mitogen and NK activity, and negative PPD skin reaction was evident in both patients. Anti-LAV/HTLV-III antibodies were detected in their sera, and the retrovirus was demonstrated in the lymph nodes and other organs on the postmortem electron microscopic examination. The assay for anti-LAV/HTLV-III on 70 other hemophiliacs in our clinic revealed seropositivity up to 50%. The seropositive group showed a significantly lower T4/T8 ratio on an average than the seronegative group. The prevalence of seropositivity for antibodies to other viruses including HBV, EBV, CMV, PV, and HTLV-I was markedly higher in the hemophiliacs. In LAV/HTLV-III seropositive hemophiliacs, however, no distinct correlation was found between T4/T8 ratio and the presence of antibodies to other viruses. There is a retrospective study to show that LAV/HTLV-III seropositive hemophiliacs appeared as early as 1980 in Japan. For prevention of LAV/HTLV-infection in hemophiliacs via blood products, heat-treated factor concentrates have recently become available. In a trial of the heat-treated products on 15 "virgin" hemophiliacs, no seroconversion has occurred thus far.
AIDS Res 1986 Dec
PMID:Clinical, immunological, and virological aspects in Japanese hemophiliacs and AIDS patients. 310 37

Generalized lymphadenopathy in intravenous drug abusers (IVDAs) at risk for AIDS has not been well studied. We have retrospectively analyzed the results of lymph node biopsies obtained from 27 patients referred to the Infectious Diseases Service for evaluation of generalized lymphadenopathy and suspected AIDS during a recent 18-month period. Fourteen of the patients were heterosexual IVDAs, 7 were male homosexual IVDAs, and 6 were male homosexual non-IVDAs. All of the patients were residents of the Bronx, New York. Mycobacterium tuberculosis (TB) was the most frequent diagnosis established on lymph node biopsies from IVDAs, in 12 out of 21 (57%). Tuberculous adenitis was not diagnosed in the 6 non-IVDAs. All TB patients were febrile, 11 (91%) had lost weight, and 10 (84%) had an abnormal chest roentgenogram. The 5TU PPD skin test, however, was reactive in only 2 (16%) of 12 patients. Tuberculosis is important to consider in patient populations with exposure histories to both AIDS and TB. The alarmingly high prevalence of TB in this drug addict population emphasizes the importance of lymph node biopsies with acid-fast smears and mycobacterial cultures in symptomatic IVDAs. Preventive antituberculosis therapy for HIV-positive persons, especially IVDAs, with a history of positive tuberculin reactions or of recent household contact should be seriously considered.
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PMID:Lymphadenopathy in an inner-city population consisting principally of intravenous drug abusers with suspected acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. 314 97

Thirteen cases of disseminated infection with Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare (MAI) seen at the National Jewish Hospital and Research Center and 24 cases from the literature were analyzed to define clinical and therapeutic features of the disease. Disseminated MAI infection was a disease of immunocompromised and apparently normal hosts. It was acquired from the environment by unknown mechanisms, usually entering the body through the lungs and spreading to include the reticuloendothelial system, bones, and less commonly, the skin. Diagnosis was often delayed and required culture of tissue or secretions. Medical personnel must maintain a high index of suspicion for MAI disease, especially in immunocompromised hosts. These patients should be monitored carefully for evidence of MAI with frequent cultures of blood and bone marrow. Blood culture systems able to recover MAI promptly and reliably should be employed (52, 64). New diagnostic aids, such as the standardized preparation of PPD-B currently being prepared or tests for antibody to MAI, will help in differentiating MAI from other processes. If MAI is recovered, broad-spectrum therapy should be instituted. Response to combination antimicrobial chemotherapy in the patients surveyed in this report was gratifying. Over two-thirds of treated patients responded to therapy. New antimycobacterial agents such as ansamycin and thienamycin have been shown to have activity against MAI in vitro (40, 81, 92) and may further improve therapeutic efficacy. Studies of in vitro synergy, currently in progress in our laboratory, will also help define the optimal therapeutic regimen for each individual patient. While the patients presented in this report had a reassuring response to therapy, those who had many bacilli in the tissues had a poorer outcome. Patients with AIDS often have this lepromatous histology (37) and thus may respond more poorly than the patients in this report even when optimal therapy is employed. Careful monitoring of AIDS patients for MAI infection may permit earlier institution of therapy and improve the chances for control of the infection. Studies to assess the relationship of in vitro sensitivity to therapeutic response in these patients are currently underway in our laboratory. It is hoped that early institution of therapy and optimization of regimens according to in vitro sensitivity data will lead to decreased morbidity and mortality in all patients with MAI infection.
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PMID:Disseminated infection with Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare. A report of 13 cases and a review of the literature. 388 Aug 52

This report provides three lines of evidence to suggest that T-helper type 1 (Th1) and type 0 (Th0) cells could play an opposing role in acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). Using a panel of Th1 and Th0 clones specific for human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) gag p24, derived from seronegative volunteers immunized with gag p24: Ty virus-like particles, a Th1 clone specific for tuberculin (PPD), and a Th0 clone derived by random activation from the same volunteer, we have demonstrated the following differences in the capacity of these clones to regulate the in vitro replication of HIV. (1) Th1 clones were less efficient than Th0 clones in supporting HIV replication, both in their resting state (by 10-1000-fold) and after antigen activation (by five to 100-fold). Furthermore, the infectious titre of HIV recovered from the Th0 population was more than 1000-fold higher than virus from the Th1 population, and the number of HIV-infected Th0 cells was five to 16 times higher than the number of infected Th1 cells. (2) Antigen- or mitogen-activated Th1, but not Th0 clones, inhibited HIV in bystander CEM-4 cells. Th1 cells also inhibited HIV in autologous and allogeneic Th0 cells. The level of inhibition in these experiments ranged from 50% to 100% and was three to 10-fold higher and more sustained in the presence of p24-specific clones compared to the PPD-specific Th1 clone. The capacity of Th1 cells to inhibit HIV in neighbouring cells was also reflected in the reduced replication of HIV in the clones immediately after antigen activation compared to unstimulated cells. Kinetic studies of virus production, cytokine release and proliferation showed that inhibition of HIV was associated with peak cytokine release and preceeded proliferation. (3) The Th1 clones had higher cytolytic potential than the Th0 clones. Therefore, the HIV inhibitory activity of Th1 cells could be partly due to cell to cell killing. These data demonstrate the opposing effects of Th1 and Th0 cells on the in vitro replication of HIV, and suggest that Th1 cells might be important in immunity whereas Th0/Th2 cells might lay a role in promoting disease.
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PMID:Th1 cells specific for HIV-1 gag p24 are less efficient than Th0 cells in supporting HIV replication, and inhibit virus replication in Th0 cells. 759 Aug 87

Tuberculosis, a chronic communicable bacterial infection of epidemic proportions in the United States, is more common among debilitated and immunocompromised persons, for example, alcoholics, drug abusers, and HIV/AIDS patients, than among the general population. Daytop Village Inc., a drug free therapeutic community for chemical dependency treatment, initiated a program of tuberculosis (TB) surveillance and prevention education with grant support. Continuous educational sessions for staff and residents have raised awareness of the threat of TB. From March 1991 until September 1992, 2,932 clients screened for TB found 272 (9.2%) PPD positive. Of these 272, 125 also tested for HIV found 28 (22.4%) HIV positive. The TB screening program had no negative impact on the retention rate of Daytop residents. With sufficient fiscal and personnel support, tuberculosis education, screening, and treatment has been naturally integrated into the primary care agenda within the therapeutic community model of drug abuse rehabilitation.
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PMID:Tuberculosis surveillance in a therapeutic community. 763 47

Three families of cell-surface proteins are largely responsible for the adherence of leukocytes to cells and matrices: integrins, immunoglobulin (Ig)-related molecules and selectins. Blood monocytes express beta 1 integrins VLA-4, -5 and -6 and beta 2 integrins CD11a/CD18, CD11b/CD18 and CD11c/CD18. These cells also express the Ig-related molecules ICAM-1, -2 and -3, ligands for the beta 2 integrins. In addition, monocytes express L-selectin and the oligosaccharides Lex and sialyl Lex, ligands for the endothelial selectins E- and P-. In vitro studies with blocking antibodies have identified adhesion molecules participating in the adherence of monocytes to one another, to T lymphocytes and to vascular endothelial cells. These antibodies also block adhesion-dependent monocyte activities, such as cytotoxicity of tumor cells, antigen presentation, phagocytosis of large particles, induction of cytokine secretion, formation of multinucleated giant cells and HIV-induced syncytium formation. In vivo studies in animals have demonstrated participation of L-selectin and CD11b/CD18 in monocyte accumulation in inflamed peritoneum. Moreover, treatment with anti-CD11b antibodies potentiates primary listeriosis and inhibits the macrophage recruitment and granuloma formation, and anti-CD18 antibodies block ear swelling in Mycobacterium tuberculosis-immunized animals following challenge with PPD. Adhesion molecules may also play key roles in the pathogenesis of tuberculosis and AIDS.
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PMID:Adhesion molecules mediating recruitment of monocytes to inflamed tissue. 771 61

Four boys with abdominal tuberculosis, one of whom had acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, are presented. Abdominal imaging findings on plain radiography, ultrasonography, computed tomography, and gastrointestinal contrast studies included tuberculous peritonitis and ascites in all patients, tuberculous adenopathy in two, gastrointestinal tuberculosis in two, and omental tuberculosis in two. The radiographic features particularly characteristic of abdominal tuberculosis were: (1) low attenuating adenopathy with rim enhancement, (2) omental or ileocecal inflammatory mass, (3) high density ascites, and (4) gastrointestinal enteritis involving the ileocecal region. All patients had acid-fast bacilli identified in cultures of bodily fluids and/or pathologic specimens and three patients had cultures positive for Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The patient with a negative culture had a positive PPD skin test and a surgical specimen showing caseating granulomata and acid-fast bacilli in the omentum. The radiologist must maintain a high degree of suspicion for abdominal tuberculosis particularly in normal or immunosuppressed children with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Fine needle aspiration and biopsy of abdominal adenopathy, inflammatory mass or ascites may be necessary for diagnosis.
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PMID:Abdominal tuberculosis in children. 788 76


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