Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0001175 (AIDS)
 120,706 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The literature on D-xylose testing has been reviewed, stressing advances in our understanding of absorption in general (including D-xylose absorption), the relationship of D-xylose testing to the development of excellent serologic tests for the diagnosis of celiac disease, the use of D-xylose testing in the evaluation of diarrhea in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, new information on breath testing for the evaluation of malabsorption, and recent information on the understanding of D-xylose absorption compared with transcellular vs. paracellular transport. The authors suggest ways in which D-xylose testing might be employed in malabsorption or diarrhea evaluations, including some algorithms.
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PMID:D-xylose testing. 1047 74

Chronic diarrhoea of the adult is defined as diarrhea during 30 days or longer. Frequent causes of chronic diarrhea in the immunocompetent adult without recent travel to developing countries are noninfectious processes, including laxatives misuse, diseases causing chronic maldigestion, osmotically active artificial sweeteners (i.e. sorbitol), hormonal disorders or drugs with intestinal side effects. Infectious agents as the cause of chronic diarrhea are important in two populations, namely in travelers returning from tropical countries bearing a significant risk of intestinal parasitic infections and in immunocompromised patients, especially AIDS patients with CD4 cell counts below 50 per microliter. Intestinal parasites and C. difficile, Y. enterocolitica, Shigellae and Cytomegalovirus are the most important causative agents of chronic diarrhea. Intestinal pathogens were identified in 46% of chronic, but only in 16.5% of acute diarrhea episodes of HIV-infected patients. An extensive medical history including recent travel as well as the detailed characteristics of onset of symptoms and of their time course is essential for the diagnosis. All patients should have a complete differential blood count, ESR, determination of electrolytes, liver enzymes, creatinine, blood glucose, and serum albumin. Tests to exclude hyperthyriodism, or pancreatic insufficiency as well as a d-xylose absorption test can be included, if appropriate. Microbiological-parasitological investigations are obligatory in patients with chronic diarrhea returning from countries with increased risk of traveler diarrhea, in cases of suspected immunodeficiency, if sudden onset of symptoms with fever is reported, after antibiotic treatment, and in children below six years of age. As a rule, stool specimens are appropriate, for the detection of cytomegalovirus colonic biopsies are necessary. In the latter case colonosigmoidoscopy has no diagnostic advantage. One single stool specimen is sufficient for the detection of bacteria or toxins, in contrast to parasitological investigations, where only three consecutive specimens provide sufficient diagnostic sensitivity.
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PMID:[Chronic diarrhea: value of microbiology in diagnosis]. 1106 10

The unique terminal arabinan motifs of mycobacterial lipoarabinomannan (LAM), which are mannose-capped to different extents, probably constitute the single most important structural entity engaged in receptor binding and subsequent immunopathogenesis. We have developed a concerted approach of endoarabinanase digestion coupled with chromatography and mass spectrometry analysis to rapidly identify and quantitatively map the complement of such terminal units among the clinical isolates of different virulence and drug resistance profiles. In comparison with LAM from laboratory strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, an ethambutol (Emb) resistant clinical isolate was shown to have a significantly higher proportion of nonmannose capped arabinan termini. More drastically, the mannose capping was completely inhibited when an Emb-susceptible strain was grown in the presence of subminimal inhibitory concentration of Emb. Both cases resulted in an increase of arabinose to mannose ratio in the overall glycosyl composition of LAM. Emb, therefore, not only could affect the complete elaboration of the arabinan as found previously for LAM from Mycobacterium smegmatis resistant mutant but also could inhibit the extent of mannose capping and hence its associated biological functions in M. tuberculosis. Unexpectedly, an intrinsically Emb-resistant Mycobacterium avium isolate of smooth transparent colony morphology was found to have most of its arabinan termini capped with a single mannose residue instead of the more common dimannoside as established for LAM from M. tuberculosis. This is the first report on the LAM structure from M. avium complex, an increasingly important opportunistic infectious agent afflicting AIDS patients.
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PMID:Variation in mannose-capped terminal arabinan motifs of lipoarabinomannans from clinical isolates of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Mycobacterium avium complex. 1107 41

Candida dubliniensis, a germ tube-positive yeast first described and identified as a cause of oral candidiasis in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome in Europe in 1995, has an expanding clinical and geographic distribution that appears to be similar to that of the other germ tube-positive yeast, Candida albicans. This study determined the frequency, clinical spectrum, drug susceptibility profile, and suitable methods for identification of this emerging pathogen at a cancer center in 1998 and 1999. Twenty-two isolates were recovered from 16 patients with solid-organ or hematologic malignancies or acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Two patients with cancer had invasive infection, and 14 were colonized with fungus or had superficial fungal infection. All isolates produced germ tubes and chlamydospores at 37 degrees C, did not grow at 45 degrees C, and gave negative reactions with d-xylose and alpha-methyl-d-glucoside in the API 20 C AUX and ID 32 C yeast identification systems. Phenotypic identification was confirmed by molecular beacon probe technology. All isolates were susceptible to the antifungal drugs amphotericin B, 5-fluorocytosine, fluconazole, itraconazole, and ketoconazole.
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PMID:Candida dubliniensis at a cancer center. 1126 31

Candida dubliniensis is a newly recognized species closely phylogenetically related to Candida albicans and is commonly associated with oral candidiasis in human immunodeficiency virus-positive patients. In this paper we report the isolation of three strains of C. dubliniensis, from AIDS patients, in the state of Rio Grande do Sul (Brazil). The phenotypic identification was based on germ tube emission, abundant production of chlamydospores, assimilation of sucrose but not of xylose and the inability to grow at 42 degrees C. Randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis and genomic DNA sequencing confirmed the distinct genetic nature C. dubliniensis. Topics related to the epidemiology, isolation, phenotypical and genotypical identification of C. dubliniensis are also discussed.
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PMID:First isolation of Candida dubliniensis in Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. 1133 83

Reaction of monosaccharides (D-glucose. D-galactose, D-xylose or L-arabinose) with 6-amino-3-aryl-2-methyl-4-(3H) quinazolinones (1a-c) in boiling methanol yielded the corresponding N-glycopyranosides 3a-c, 4a-c, 5a,b and 6a,b. The N-glycopyranosides 3a-c, 4a-c, 5a,b and 6a,b were acetylated with acetic anhydride and pyridine to give the corresponding acetate derivatives 7a-c, 8a-c, 9a,b and 10a,b. The structures of all these glycosides were assessed by elemental analysis, IR, NMR and mass spectra. Some of these products were tested for anti-cancer and anti-AIDS activity.
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PMID:Synthesis and antiviral evaluation of n-glycosides derived from 6-amino-3-aryl-2-methyl-4-(3h)-quinazolinones. 1172 2

Cryptococcus flavescens, a strain originally identified as C. laurentii, was isolated from the cerebrospinal fluid of an AIDS patient, and the soluble capsular polysaccharide of the yeast was investigated. Glucuronoxylomannan (GXM) was obtained from C. flavescens under conditions similar to those used to obtain C. neoformans polysaccharide. However, the GXM differed from C. neoformans polysaccharide in the decreased O-acetyl group content. The structure of GXM was determined by methylation analysis, partial acid hydrolysis, NMR analyses, and controlled Smith degradation. These analyses indicated that GXM has the following structure: an alpha-(1-->3)-D-mannan backbone with side chains of beta-D-glucuronic acid residues bound to the C-2 position of the mannose residue. The C-6 position of the mannose is substituted with D-man-beta-(1-->4)-D-xyl-beta-(1--> disaccharide. Furthermore, the existence of side chains containing more than two xylose residues was suggested. This mannosylxylose side chain is a novel structure in polysaccharides of C. neoformans and other Cryptococcus species.
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PMID:Structural studies of the capsular polysaccharide of a non-neoformans Cryptococcus species identified as C. laurentii, which was reclassified as Cryptococcus flavescens, from a patient with AIDS. 1501 87

Griffithsin (GRFT), a novel anti-HIV protein, was isolated from an aqueous extract of the red alga Griffithsia sp. The 121-amino acid sequence of GRFT has been determined, and biologically active GRFT was subsequently produced by expression of a corresponding DNA sequence in Escherichia coli. Both native and recombinant GRFT displayed potent antiviral activity against laboratory strains and primary isolates of T- and M- tropic HIV-1 with EC50 values ranging from 0.043 to 0.63 nM. GRFT also aborted cell-to-cell fusion and transmission of HIV-1 infection at similar concentrations. High concentrations (e.g. 783 nM) of GRFT were not lethal to any tested host cell types. GRFT blocked CD4-dependent glycoprotein (gp) 120 binding to receptor-expressing cells and bound to viral coat glycoproteins (gp120, gp41, and gp160) in a glycosylation-dependent manner. GRFT preferentially inhibited gp120 binding of the monoclonal antibody (mAb) 2G12, which recognizes a carbohydrate-dependent motif, and the (mAb) 48d, which binds to CD4-induced epitope. In addition, GRFT moderately interfered with the binding of gp120 to sCD4. Further data showed that the binding of GRFT to soluble gp120 was inhibited by the monosaccharides glucose, mannose, and N-acetylglucosamine but not by galactose, xylose, fucose, N-acetylgalactosamine, or sialic acid-containing glycoproteins. Taken together these data suggest that GRFT is a new type of lectin that binds to various viral glycoproteins in a monosaccharide-dependent manner. GRFT could be a potential candidate microbicide to prevent the sexual transmission of HIV and AIDS.
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PMID:Isolation and characterization of griffithsin, a novel HIV-inactivating protein, from the red alga Griffithsia sp. 1561 79

When studying a small group of mollicutes which interact in different way with the host organism (Mycoplasma fermentans PG18--is considered a commensal of the human urogenital tract, and sometimes manifests as AIDS cofactor, Acholeplasma laidlawii PG8 is saprophytic but it is connected with various pathologies in human organism, A. laidlawii var. granulum 118--agent of the yellow of cereals--palegreen dwarfness) the author has found the carbohydrate composition of their cell surface. Glycocalix of all three representatives proved to be rather various. Biochemical investigation methods were used to establish the presence of galactosamine, glucosamine, minor quantity of rhamnose, ribose, arabinose, xylose, mannose as well as considerable share of fucose, galactose, glucose. Qualitative and quantitative content of monosaccharide composition of the glycocalix of certain species of mollicutes which have different ecological niches is studied in the work and the role of some sugars in performing certain important functions is discussed.
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PMID:[Monosaccharide composition of some Mollicutes]. 1576 66

Diarrhoea and malnutrition are common findings in patients with the Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS). In this disease, enteropathy leads to fat and D-xylose malabsorption and chronic non-specific inflammation of the small bowel. Moreover, gastrointestinal infection can induce severe diarrhoea. Depletion in real body cell mass, body fat content, and weight loss have been observed. Nutritional therapy is mandatory when weight loss is 10% or greater. Enteral feeding is not easily achieved. Parenteral feeding including fat as a nonprotein calorie source improves general condition. The use of intravenous fat emulsions has been hypothesized to have several beneficial effects. Fluidisation of human immunodeficiency virus membranes by lipid emulsions through cholesterol extraction could decrease the infectivity of the virus. Long term intravenous nutrition may be more than a treatment for malabsorption and depletion; it may possibly have direct pharmacological effects.
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PMID:Nutrition, the gastrointestinal tract and the acquired immune deficiency syndrome. Facts and perspectives. 1683 3


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