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Query: UMLS:C0001175 (AIDS)
 120,706 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Frequent complications of human immunodeficiency virus infection are hematopoietic failure and poor tolerance of myelosuppressive drugs. Reasons for neutropenia resulting from hematopoietic failure are infection of the bone marrow and hematotoxicity of treatment with zidovudine, ganciclovir, sulfonamides, and interferons. Moreover, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, transforming growth factor-beta and interferon-gamma have been shown to suppress proliferation of bone marrow cells. Both granulocyte (G-CSF) and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) increase neutrophil counts and ameliorate phagocytic and bactericidic function of neutrophils. We report eight cases of AIDS patients with serious infections and neutropenia (< 750 cells/microliters), who were treated concomitantly with recombinant human G-CSF (3-4 micrograms subcutaneously per kilogram body weight daily). G-CSF treatment was well tolerated in all patients and showed no side effects or disturbances of other lineages than neutrophils. Life-threatening bacterial infections were treated successfully by stimulating the neutrophil immune system. This therapy shortened the duration of subsequent treatment with antibiotics. Since human immunodeficiency virus infects CD4-positive monocytes and macrophages, which are stimulated by GM-CSF, G-CSF seems to be the cytokine of choice, if stimulation of the neutrophil lineage is warranted.
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PMID:Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor treatment in AIDS patients. 128 Apr 96

The future role of the immunomodulators in medical practice is yet to be defined. The key question is whether these new substances will bring remarkable progress in transplantation or in the treatment of such conditions as cancer, AIDS, and autoimmune diseases, or whether they will be of only minor adjunctive importance. As background to the discussion of immunomodulating agents, the immune system is explained, with emphasis on the roles of T and B lymphocytes, macrophages, phagocytes, human leukocyte antigen and the complement system. Special attention is given to the cytokines, particularly the lymphokines. The immunomodulators can be divided into three main groups: immunosuppressive agents, such as FK 506 and rapamycin; immunostimulating agents, of which BCG vaccine is most important; and the remaining immunomodulators, which include the biological response modifiers. The last group, which encompasses the colony-stimulating factors (GM-CSF, G-CSF, and M-CSF), the interleukins, the interferons, and the tumour necrosis factors, is described in detail. Innovative research and medical applications of these cytokines, including indications, contraindications, and adverse reactions, are discussed. The role of monoclonal antibodies against endotoxins is also described.
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PMID:Immunomodulators. Future prospects. 143 6

Progress in genetics now enables the synthesis of molecules acting on the regulation of the immune system which are called cytokines. Currently there are several cytokines, Interferon (IFN), Interleukin 2 (IL2), tumour necrosis factor (TNF) as well as haematopoietic growth factors and these are the object of study in clinical trials. Interferon has already been used in the therapy of hairy cell leukaemia, Kaposi sarcoma associated with AIDS(SIDA) and metastasis of malignant melanoma. Interleukin 2 allows for an increase in the cytotoxic activity of NK cells in producing LAK cells, the lymphocyte infiltrating the tumour (TIL). Therapeutic combinations combining IL2 associated with LAK or of TIL have been evaluated in some private studies. These treatments have shown some interesting response levels on those tumours which are usually resistant, such as malignant melanoma or carcinoma of the kidney. TNF is active in vitro on human tumours; its potential toxicity is important; it is the object of a phase 1 clinical trial. Haematopoietic growth factors, G-CSF and GM-CSF, stimulate the production of leucocytes which will be valuable to correct toxic affects on the marrow during chemotherapy. This will enable chemotherapy to be given at a high dose.
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PMID:[Immunotherapy of cancer using cytokinins. Use and perspectives in lung oncology]. 169 91

Hematopoietic growth factors have now been purified, cloned, and produced in bacteria and yeast. Those that are currently in clinical study include erythropoietin, GM-CSF, G-CSF, M-CSF (also called CSF-1), and multi-CSF (also called interleukin 3). Growth factor appear likely to enhance the recovery and function of circulating white cells after standard-dose cancer therapy and high-bone-dose cancer therapy with marrow transplant and to restore leukocyte numbers and competence in the acquired immune deficiency syndromes and myelodysplastic syndromes. Phase I, II trials in AIDS, in cancer patients receiving chemotherapy, in cases of myeloproliferative disease, and after bone marrow transplant have been published. The results of phase III studies are just becoming available.
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PMID:G-CSF and GM-CSF in clinical trials. 170 37

Three hematopoietic stimulants have been used in patients with HIV infection and a variety of AIDS-related complications. Both G-CSF and GM-CSF have demonstrated the ability to correct leukopenia related to HIV infection and ameliorate the drug-related myelosuppressive effects of zidovudine, trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole, ganciclovir, and, in the case of GM-CSF, alpha-interferon, and cancer chemotherapies. Erythropoietin has been successfully used to ameliorate the anemia associated with HIV infection and zidovudine therapy. Treatment with these hematopoietic stimulants is very well tolerated with minimal toxicity. Of the granulocyte stimulants, G-CSF appears to induce fewer side effects than GM-CSF in trials conducted to date. Future trials demonstrating that the amelioration of hematopoietic suppression by the colony-stimulating factors results in increased clinical response rates and improved survival are necessary to fully assess the value of this approach in the care of HIV-infected patients.
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PMID:The use of hematopoietic hormones in HIV infection and AIDS-related malignancies. 202 93

The family of colony stimulating factors and interleukins influence all aspects of hematopoietic cell proliferation and differentiation. In most instances these hematopoietic growth factors have overlapping, pleiotropic effects and frequently regulate early progenitor cell proliferation and mature cell function. Currently, seven of these factors are in clinical trial: erythropoietin for treatment of anephric anemia, IL-2 in conjunction with LAC therapy, and IL-1, IL-3, G-CSF, GM-CSF, and M-CSF for stimulation of myelopoiesis and granulocyte-macrophage function after chemotherapy, irradiation, or bone marrow transplantation in patients with cancer. G-CSF and GM-CSF have also proved effective in treatment of congenital and idiopathic neutropenias and have had some efficacy in treatment of myeloid leukemias, myelodysplastic disorders, aplastic anemia, and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS).
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PMID:Hematopoietic growth factors in cancer. 240 5

Although the control of retroviral disease in animal systems often involves antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC), the role of cytotoxic function in human retroviral disorders is uncertain. The ability of the neutrophil to kill HIV-infected targets directed by antiviral antibody was examined. Neutrophils from patients with AIDS killed HIV-infected MOLT-3A cells in a manner equivalent to neutrophils obtained from normal volunteers. Both granulocyte- and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factors (G-CSF and GM-CSF) markedly augmented the cytotoxic function. Studies done with fractionated human antisera revealed that ADCC to HIV-infected cells was mediated only by antibody to the env glycoprotein. ADCC in this system was not dependent on oxidative metabolism because neutrophils from patients with chronic granulomatous disease (CGD) were capable of CSF-augmented cytotoxicity. Although ADCC can be mediated by various classes of lymphocytes and mononuclear phagocytes, such cells may be infected by HIV. Because the neutrophil apparently is not productively infected by the virus, it is an ideal cell to focus on with regard to cytotoxic function in AIDS patients. The findings regarding neutrophil ADCC in AIDS are clinically relevant because the availability of CSFs now permits therapeutic regulation of neutrophils in AIDS patients, and presumably natural antibody may be useful in targeting HIV-infected cells for neutrophil cytotoxicity in vivo.
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PMID:Granulocyte- and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factors enhance neutrophil cytotoxicity toward HIV-infected cells. 247 84

The cloning of hematopoietic growth factors has allowed their application in clinical medicine. This review deals with clinical studies on GM-CSF and G-CSF in bone marrow insufficiency (primary or secondary to chemotherapy), myelodysplastic syndromes, AIDS and bone marrow transplantation.
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PMID:GM-CSF and G-CSF in hematology and oncology. 248 26

Hematologic growth factors are now assessible in recombinant forms, and thus available in amounts making cliical use possible. Erythropoietin, which induces differentiation and proliferation of the red blood cells, is produced by recombinant techniques. Clinical trials have shown the effectiveness of erythropoietin in correcting the anaemia of end stage renal diseare in patients maintained by haemodialysis. One of the growth factors for white blood cells, so called colony stimulating factors (CSF) has been given to patients suffering from AIDS. The growth factor given (GM-CSF) has a stimulatory effect upon granulocytes as well as monocytes. The clinical trial showed that the low white cell counts of the patients were normalized in a dose-dependent manner after GM-CSF administration. Clinical studies are under way. Erythropoietin, GM-CSF and G-CSF (stimulates granulocytes) are now being tested at medical centers in patients with AIDS, various forms of anemia, cancer and bone marrow transplants.
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PMID:[Factors influencing hematopoiesis--a new therapeutic alternative?]. 264 79

Colony-stimulating factors (CSFs) are a family of regulatory glycoprotein hormones that promote the proliferation and differentiation of hemopoietic progenitor cells and augment the functions of mature effector cells in vitro. The recent cloning of human genes and the availability of sufficient quantities of recombinant purified growth factors have made it possible to evaluate their therapeutic potential in cytopenic states. Initial studies with GM-CSF have demonstrated its ability to increase neutrophil, monocyte, and eosinophil counts in patients with acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS), myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS), and aplastic anemia. Both GM-CSF and G-CSF reduce the duration of neutropenia following chemotherapy and accelerate hematopoietic recovery in patients undergoing intensive chemotherapy and autologous bone marrow transplantation. Studies are now ongoing to determine the optimal dose, route, schedule of administration, and long-term effects. While the appropriate settings for the use of different CSFs remain to be determined, the initial results of clinical trials are of great interest and suggest that hematopoietic growth factors will play an important role in several clinical arenas.
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PMID:Clinical applications of colony-stimulating factors. 268 11


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