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Query: UMLS:C0001175 (AIDS)
 120,706 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Two appetite stimulants, megestrol acetate and cyproheptadine were administered in a randomized trial to 14 patients who had no evidence of opportunistic infection or malabsorption but were wasted (had lost more than 5 kg body weight) as a result of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. Energy intakes were calculated from a 7 day weighed dietary record. Mean energy intakes per kilogramme body weight were similar in both treatment groups (greater than 34 kcal/kg) and were higher than that in well British males. Energy intakes increased by just over 500 kcal during both treatments, but fell to pretreatment levels after therapy. Patients in both treatment groups gained a moderate amount of weight. Megestrol acetate was associated with impotence in 4 patients. Insufficient calorie intake alone is not a common cause of wasting associated with HIV and the role of appetite stimulants is likely to be limited.
Int J STD AIDS
PMID:Megestrol acetate vs cyproheptadine in the treatment of weight loss associated with HIV infection. 150 60

A significant proportion (10%) of notified AIDS cases in Portugal are due to HIV-2 infection as a result of the close connections of Portugal with Western African Countries (ex-Portuguese colonies) where there is a high HIV-2 seroprevalence. We conducted a seroepidemiological study of HIV-1 and HIV-2 infection in 1400 women attending family planning and antenatal clinics in a health centre in Lisbon with the objective of analysing whether there was evidence of HIV-2 spread in this population. The seroprevalence for HIV, as determined by ELISA and confirmed by Western Blot, was 0.42% (6 cases) and 50% of these were of HIV-2 infection. Analysis of the epidemiological inquiries reveals that out of the 6 seropositive cases, only one was a drug addict (HIV-1) and another a western African black woman (HIV-2). The other 4 cases (2 HIV-2 and 2 HIV-1) were white Portuguese women with no history of travelling to Africa or previous blood transfusions, and the only risk factor was a history of multiple sexual partners (in 3 out of 4).
Int J STD AIDS
PMID:Prevalence of HIV-2 infection in a family planning clinic in Lisbon. 150 61

For 227 episodes of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP) treated at St Mary's between 1983 and 1989, factors predictive of fatal outcome were age, haemoglobin levels, peripheral lymphocyte count and alveolar-arterial oxygen gradient. Case fatality for the 47 empirically-treated episodes was significantly higher compared with the 180 cytologically proven episodes (55% vs 18%, chi 2 = 25.7, P less than 0.0001). Case fatality for episodes which could not be bronchoscoped was significantly higher compared with bronchoscopy negative cases (66% vs 25%, chi 2 = 4.5, P less than 0.05). Predictive factors for fatal outcome differed significantly for cases which could not be bronchoscoped and cytologically proven cases: haemoglobin level (10.7 g/dl vs 12.0 g/dl, P less than 0.001), lymphocyte count (0.64 x 10(9)/l vs 0.87 x 10(9)/l, P = 0.05) and oxygen gradient (77.7 mmHg vs 58.9 mmHg, P less than 0.02). Such differences were not observed between bronchoscopy negative and cytologically proven cases. Case fatality decreased significantly over time (b = -0.39, SE = 0.14, P less than 0.05). Total and non-fatal first time episodes displayed an inverse relationship between oxygen gradient and time (r = -0.22, P less than 0.006 and r = -0.24, P less than 0.01, respectively). Mean oxygen gradient of fatal episodes for sequential years increased significantly from 73 mmHg in 1983 to 102 mmHg in 1989 (r = 0.92, P less than 0.01). This suggests that medical intervention as well as presentation with less severe disease both contributed to improved case fatality over time.
Int J STD AIDS
PMID:Empirically treated Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in London, 1983-1989. 150 62


Int J STD AIDS
PMID:Staphylococcus aureus psoas abscess in a patient with AIDS. 150 65

Evidence of reduced levels of needle sharing among injecting drug users (IDUs) has largely been confined to IDUs attending needle exchanges or receiving treatment. In this paper we present the results of a serial cross-sectional study of needle sharing conducted in Glasgow using a multisite sampling strategy. Of the estimated 9400 IDUs in the city, 503 were interviewed in 1990 and 535 in 1991. The proportion of IDUs reporting injecting with, or passing on used needles and syringes in the last 6 months fell significantly as did the number of individuals from whom equipment was received or passed on to. The impact of this level of sharing has been limited in terms of HIV transmission; the prevalence of HIV among the 1990 sample was 2.0% and 1.1% for the 1991 sample. However, the fact that third of IDUs in Glasgow continue to inject, even occasionally, with used equipment gives cause for concern in view of the other pathologies known to be associated with poor injecting hygiene.
Int J STD AIDS
PMID:Reduction in needle sharing among community wide samples of injecting drug users. 150 63


Int J STD AIDS
PMID:Hutchinson's triad in a 9-year-old girl. 150 66


Int J STD AIDS
PMID:Bordetella bronchiseptica recurrent bacteraemia in the setting of a patient with AIDS and indwelling Broviac catheter. 150 64


Int J STD AIDS
PMID:AIDS Literature Index. 150 67


Int J STD AIDS
PMID:Screening of semen donors. 154 60

The following topics are reviewed: condom use, attitudes toward condoms, reasons for failure to use condoms, personality and attitudes toward condoms, attitudes toward condoms and behavior, and changing attitudes toward condoms. The use of condoms varies across cultures. Prevention which emphasizes group subjective norms, personality, and interpersonal and situational barriers may influence condom use; intervention studies have not yet fully tested this hypothesis, however. What is known is that attitudes and use of condoms can be changed. Negative attitudes toward condom use include the perception of impaired pleasure, lack of availability at the appropriate time, coitus interruptus, and unnaturalness or unreliability. Positive perceptions may counterbalance the negative attitudes. In several military studies, it was found that lack of availability, perceived lack of risk, and influence of alcohol were the major reasons for failure to use. In many studies the reduction of pleasure is a dominant theme. Pharmacies were the preferred place of purchase. Among college students, condoms were viewed as minimizing a health risk but associated use with there being something wrong with their partner. A Dutch study found a reduced belief in the efficacy of condoms as a contraceptive but increased trust in the protection against AIDS. In a pre- and posttest of attitudes toward condom use among heterosexual couples, the findings were that attitudes could be modified and that information needs to relate to the context of sexual activity and sensorimotor arousal. The condom film with sexually explicit activity and instructions on condom placement was successful in generating a significant increase in positive attitudes toward condoms. Examining link between attitudes and behavior, however, is a necessary next step.
Int J STD AIDS
PMID:Attitudes toward condoms and condom use: a review. 154 61


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