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Query: UMLS:C0001175 (AIDS)
 120,706 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

It has been shown that only a small fraction of CD4+ T cells are infected with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) in vivo, particularly early in the course of infection. An even smaller proportion of cells have been shown to be expressing virus. Recent studies suggest that plasma viremia in asymptomatic HIV-infected individuals, representing active viral replication, is more common than was previously believed (range 23-100% of patients). To determine the in vivo state of HIV expression, samples of peripheral blood of 49 HIV-infected individuals at all stages of disease were examined. All subjects were positive for viral DNA by standard polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and a modified PCR was utilized to detect HIV-specific mRNAs (gag, major splice junction, env, and tat/rev). Patient's plasma was also assayed for p24 antigen and viremia. The results were as follows: (formula: see text) Overall, the findings suggest that active viral expression occurs at all stages of HIV infection. In particular, the presence of gag mRNA was determined in only 2 of 14 patients with T4% greater than 30% but in 20 of 35 patients with T4% less than or equal to 30% (p less than 0.05), demonstrating a direct association between the presence of message for a structural protein, and more advanced immunosuppression. Determination of the expression of certain HIV-specific messages from within a patient's cells adds a new dimension to understanding the pathogenesis of HIV infection. The presence of HIV-specific mRNAs, and in particular gag message, in many healthy seropositives may further argue for early initiation of antiviral therapy.
AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 1991 Apr
PMID:Frequent detection of HIV-1-specific mRNAs in infected individuals suggests ongoing active viral expression in all stages of disease. 167 96

Action mechanisms of a newly synthesized polysaccharide, curdlan sulfate (CRDS), on human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection were investigated in vitro using syncytium formation microassay and p24 antigen capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. These assays measured the titer of infectious virions and the amounts of HIV-1 core antigen p24 in soluble, intraviral, and intracellular forms. CRDS treatments were performed for 1 h at 37 degrees C. H9 cells pretreated with 0.1 to 100.0 micrograms/ml of CRDS appreciably inhibited HIV-1 infection. CRDS-treated HIV-1 virions were less able to infect H9 cells than untreated virions. The simultaneous treatment of H9 cells and HIV-1 virions with CRDS induced a significant inhibition of HIV-1 infection, resulting in the temporary disappearance of virions at the highest dose of CRDS. In contrast, CRDS treatment of newly HIV-1-infected H9 cells caused a significant decrease in the titer of infectious HIV-1 and the p24 amounts of all three forms, but no absolute elimination. Taken together, these results indicate that CRDS may block the binding of the HIV-1 envelope to the H9 cell surface, with emphasis on the high affinity of CRDS to the HIV-1 envelope.
AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 1991 Apr
PMID:Curdlan sulfate and HIV-1. I. In vitro inhibitory effects of curdlan sulfate on HIV-1 infection. 167 99

R 82913, a tetrahydroimidazobenzodiazepinthione (TIBO) derivative with potent activity against human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1) in vitro, was given to 22 patients with AIDS or AIDS-related complex in a dose-escalating pilot study. Doses of 10 to 300 mg administered daily by intravenous infusion were well tolerated for up to 50 weeks, with no haematological or biochemical evidence of toxicity. Mean OKT4 cell count rose slightly during the second month of treatment when higher steady-state plasma concentrations of the drug were achieved. Median p24 antigen concentration fell by 41% during the first month of therapy. When the rise in p24 antigen before therapy was compared to the fall during treatment, end-point analysis showed a significant difference (p less than 0.03). The combination of potent antiretroviral activity in vitro and the observed effect on HIV p24 antigen and absence of toxicity in vivo indicate that R 82913 and related TIBO derivatives merit further study in the treatment of retroviral infections.
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PMID:Pharmacokinetics of R 82913 in patients with AIDS or AIDS-related complex. 167 64

We measured the serum concentrations of tumor necrosis factor (TNF-alpha), interleukin 1-beta (IL-1-beta), p24 antigen, CD4+/CD8+ cells and immunoglobulins in 35 children at various stages of human immunodeficiency virus infection. Serum TNF-alpha concentrations were significantly higher in children with lymphocytic interstitial pneumonitis and in children with mildly symptomatic illness than in asymptomatic children or children with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. In addition serum IL-1 concentrations were significantly higher in patients with lymphocytic interstitial pneumonitis than in asymptomatic, mildly symptomatic, or acquired immunodeficiency syndrome patients. Children with lymphocytic interstitial pneumonitis had the highest serum TNF-alpha and IL-1 concentrations. Among symptomatic children serum TNF-alpha concentrations correlated positively with those of IL-1, and both were inversely related to the amount of p24 antigen. TNF-alpha values in excess of 50 pg/ml were observed more frequently among patients with CD4+ cell count greater than 400/mm3 than in those with CD4+ cell count less than 400/mm3. We did not find any association between elevated TNF-alpha concentrations and cachexia, opportunistic infections or progressive encephalopathy.
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PMID:Serum tumor necrosis factor alpha, interleukin 1-beta, p24 antigen concentrations and CD4+ cells at various stages of human immunodeficiency virus 1 infection in children. 167 77

Four assays for serum levels of cellular products of immune activation were examined as prognostic markers for AIDS in a prospective study of asymptomatic HIV-seropositive homosexual men. Baseline serum values of beta 2-microglobulin (beta 2M), neopterin, soluble CD8 (sCD8), and soluble interleukin-2 receptor (sIL-2R) for 185 men were examined univariately and multivariately as predictors of AIDS during 36 months of follow-up. Thirty-three cases of AIDS (18%) were diagnosed during the follow-up period. All four assays correlated highly with each other (r = 0.48-0.63), and all four were good univariate predictors of AIDS and comparable to CD4 lymphocyte count. beta 2M, neopterin, and sCD8 predicted AIDS independently of both CD4 count and HIV p24 antigen or p24 antibody in multivariate analysis. Within the range of CD4 count 200-499 x 10(6) cells/l, an immune activation marker used in combination with an assay for p24 antigen identifies those at 3-6% risk of AIDS over 36 months (low risk on both assays) and those at 63-86% risk (high risk on both assays). These results can be used to guide physicians and patients making decisions about treating asymptomatic HIV infection with zidovudine in individuals with CD4 lymphocyte count of 200-499 x 10(6) cells/l.
AIDS 1991 May
PMID:Immune activation markers and AIDS prognosis. 167 8

The detection of infectious immune complexes in plasma after human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection may be useful as a surrogate marker of progression of disease and may help in understanding the pathogenesis of AIDS. Polyethylene glycol (PEG) precipitates of plasma were tested for the presence of HIV p24 antigen and infectious virus. Results were compared with data from cell and plasma cultures, plasma p24 antigen, CD4 cell counts, and stage of disease. PEG precipitation increased the detection rate of the p24 antigen assay from 38.3% to 58.7%. There was a significant correlation between precipitable p24 antigen and plasma viremia, changes in CD4 cell counts, and progression of disease. The sensitivity of the PEG-precipitable p24 antigen assay versus traditional p24 antigen testing was 59.0% and the specificity 91.7%. The assay was reproducible and may be a useful determinant of viral load, clinical progression, and antiretroviral efficacy.
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PMID:Detection of infectious immune complexes in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infections: correlation with plasma viremia and CD4 cell counts. 168 Jan 37

A number of in vivo and in vitro results suggest that interferons have an antiretroviral effect on HIV. To check this, 15 HIV-positive patients who had no full-blown AIDS, were treated with recombinant interferon alpha 2b (5 mill. IU s. c. three times a week) over a period of six months. Twelve to 16 weeks after the initiation of treatment, an increase in CD 4 lymphocytes (+16%), NK cells (+16%), lymphocytes stimulation by con A (+ 176%), neopterin (+66%), and beta-2-microglobulin (+19%) was observed. By the end of the study, all these parameters had slightly decreased again. In all patients with CD4 lymphocytes greater than 0.2 c/nl, we observed a decrease in p24 antigen levels, but in patients with CD4 lymphocytes less than 0.2 c/nl, an increase. It would thus seem that any antiretroviral effect of IFN (as shown by the p24 antigen parameter) is more pronounced in patients with superior immune parameters.
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PMID:[Effect of alfa-2b interferon on prognostic parameters and clinical events in HIV positive patients in the LAS/ARC stage]. 168 13

The use of ozone therapy is reported to be effective in a variety of viral illnesses, including HIV disease. We performed a phase I study of ozone blood treatments in 10 patients in whom no significant toxicity was observed. Three patients with moderate immunodeficiency showed improvement in surrogate markers of HIV-associated immune disease. A phase II controlled and randomized double-blinded study was initiated comparing reinjection of ozone-treated blood, and reinjection of unprocessed blood for 8 weeks, followed by a 4-week observation period. Ozone had no significant effect on hematologic, biochemical or clinical toxicity when compared with placebo. CD4 cell count, interleukin-2, gamma-interferon, beta 2-microglobulin, neopterin and p24 antigen were also unaffected by both treatment arms. In conclusion, ozone therapy does not enhance parameters of immune activation nor does it diminish measureable p24 antigen in HIV-infected individuals.
AIDS 1991 Aug
PMID:The use of ozone-treated blood in the therapy of HIV infection and immune disease: a pilot study of safety and efficacy. 134 51

Laboratory parameters which are modified following administration of zidovudine are becoming increasingly useful in monitoring the efficacy of treatment of early stages of HIV-1 infection. The serum levels of soluble interleukin (sILR)-2 receptor, which have been reported to increase early in HIV-1 infection, were found to be significantly lower in 24 patients being treated with zidovudine than in 69 patients who were not treated, 28 of whom had CD4+ counts greater than 400 x 10(6)/l, and 41 less than 400 x 10(6)/l, respectively (P less than 0.0001). A prospective study group of 33 subjects treated with zidovudine demonstrated a decrease in sIL-2R during therapy (base values 2113 +/- 1131 versus 1444 +/- 728 after 90 days of therapy; P less than 0.0007). The reduction of sIL-2R was greater in those subjects were p24 antigen became negative during treatment. sIL-2R therefore seems to be a useful tool in the monitoring of therapy with zidovudine.
AIDS 1991 Oct
PMID:Soluble interleukin-2 receptor decrease in the sera of HIV-infected patients treated with zidovudine. 168 80

Immune response to HIV infection is generally characterized by appearance of antibodies to the gag protein p24 early in infection, and by apparent loss of p24 antibodies accompanied by increases in p24 antigen levels with disease progression. Precise definition of the immunodominant epitopes present in gag gene proteins has potential clinical significance. Seventeen anti-gag monoclonal antibodies (MAb) were used in enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) with antigens expressed by nine recombinant clones to define epitopes on HIV gag proteins which elicit an immune response. All of the MAbs tested, except two anti-p17, reacted with a clone which expresses the carboxyl terminal 13 amino acids of p17 and all of p24 and p15. All anti-p24 MAbs reacted with clones containing all of p24. MAbs reacted differentially with clones containing deleted regions depending on the antigenic portion expressed. Of thirteen potential identifiably different genomic regions which could be predicted from the genomic structure of the clones, eight different antigen epitopes were defined: two on p17, five on p24, and one on p15 (in the region corresponding to the carboxyl terminal protein p6). Six regions did not appear to react with any of the monoclonal antibodies available. Identification of the epitopes present in the cloned antigens should allow their use to evaluate sera from HIV-infected donors at different clinical stages of progression to AIDS.
AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 1990 Mar
PMID:Epitope mapping of the HIV-1 gag region by analysis of gag gene deletion fragments expressed in Escherichia coli defines eight antigenic determinants. 169 22


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