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Query: UMLS:C0001175 (AIDS)
 120,706 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Images of AIDS invoke fears of contagion, disability and formidable death, and moral overtones directed toward drug use, sexuality and sexual identity and freedom. Responses to these images are both private and public, and have profound consequences for individuals whose lives have been touched by the disease, both the person with AIDS and the family caregiver. The purpose of this paper is to analyze in detail 'going public,' one category of a substantive theory of AIDS family caregiving. This category was developed from a grounded theory study of 53 AIDS family members who were asked to describe their experiences as an AIDS family caregiver during an indepth interview. Data were content analyzed using constant comparative analysis. Going public referred to how AIDS family caregivers let others known that they were caring for a PWA. Specifically, going public entailed selecting appropriate persons and audiences to tell, formulating approaches to communicating information, and considering the risks and benefits of the possible choices. The description of going public as an AIDS family caregiver details the assertiveness involved in political action and social change, contrasted with the isolation and secrecy involved in maintaining relationships with others under the condition of a stigmatizing illness. Data revealed a particular emphasis on the phenomenon of 'guilt by association'. Because of their close relationship to a person with AIDS, caregivers were obligated to share the stigma of AIDS and were likewise discredited. Findings from our study emphasize the tremendous personal suffering experienced by caregivers which was associated with AIDS stigma in the form of rejection, loss of friends and harassment. Data also revealed the strong commitment of many caregivers to social activism which ranged from participating in educational efforts to marching in demonstrations. The rationale for the apparent increased activism among AIDS family caregivers compared to other groups of caregivers is explored. Going public highlights both the personal suffering and social manifestations of AIDS, significant issues to consider in planning health services for the second decade of the AIDS epidemic.
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PMID:Going public as an AIDS family caregiver. 160 63

The author recommends a change in AIDS prevention programs in developed and developing countries which recognizes 1) the lack of mutually exclusive sex roles of, for instance, the mother and the prostitute, and 2) the economic position of dependency, and 3) the social identification as childbearer. The risk of all poor women of color has been overlooked in the immediate focus on prostitution and AIDs, and female rates are increasing. For instance, the U.S. reported females AIDS cases rose from 7% in 1985 to 11% in 1989, and in West Germany female HIV cases rose from 4% in 1984 to 25% in 1988. Sub-Saharan African women constitute 50% of AIDS cases. As a direct consequence, pediatric AIDS cases have increased. For the female teenager in developing countries school based AIDs education is rare, and because of the lack or limited formal education for most women, out of school programs need to be provided in ways which offer choices and information about contraception. For women of reproductive age, the use of condoms as protection from HIV also denies the culturally determined status of motherhood. For prostitutes, effective and appropriate prevention programs provide information and tools for protection against AIDs. It is cautioned that police harassment, HIV testing, and job training and alternative employment deny underlying economic and social conditions and hence are ineffective. Prostitute's age, number of children, general health, drug use, work situation, sex practices, and economic choices affect whether prevention may involve training in safe sex negotiation or condom use techniques. For HIV positive women, birth rates may increase as a security investment. Counseling to terminate pregnancy denies the cultural importance of the motherhood role. Care must be directed to both mother and child in the same location.
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PMID:More than mothers and whores: redefining the AIDS prevention needs of women. 200 67

Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) was first detected in Costa Rica in 1983. For four years most known cases were in hemophiliac men. Thereafter, AIDS in homosexual and bisexual men predominated. By December 31 of 1993, 563 persons had been diagnosed with the syndrome, 71% of them homosexual and bisexual men, 10% heterosexual men and women, 6% hemophiliacs, 2% intravenous drug abusers (IVDA's), 2% women and men who had blood transfusions, 1.4% infants born to HIV-infected mothers and 7% unknown. The epidemics in homosexual/bisexual men and in heterosexual women and men are rising; cases in infants and in persons who received blood or coagulation factors, are stagnant. The steady increase in AIDS among women is linked to exposure to bisexual partners. The moderate nature of the national epidemic reflects, in part, the low incidence of IVDA, the universal screening of blood donors for antibodies to the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) since 1985, and the prompt banning of unsafe coagulation factors. The projection of AIDS for the year 2000 is 2,304 cases (606 accumulated incidence per million inhabitants). A national educational campaign, radio and television programs and other preventive actions, apparently did not influence the rate of receptive anal intercourse without condom (about 80%) during 9 years of the epidemic. Persons with HIV/AIDS often are deprived of social and medical benefits or are subjected to harassment and exploitation by the health sector. More efficient prevention must target children, adolescents and adults in reproductive age, to promote safer lifestyles, through education and counseling effected through primary health care.
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PMID:HIV/AIDS in Costa Rica: epidemiological and sociological features, 1993. 857 48

In the small town of Churanchandpur, Manipur, India, heroin injection began in the early 1980s. Over 80% of the injecting drug users (IDUs) in the state of Manipur are estimated to be HIV-positive. The implementation of an outreach intervention targeting IDUs is detailed. An advisory committee sought to create a supporting environment for the outreach by minimizing police harassment of IDUs. Church leaders were also provided information about the HIV/AIDS problem as were families of IDUs and the community. Outreach workers were recruited from the community and trained regarding HIV/AIDS epidemiology, prevention, antibody testing, and referral. The IDUs were approached in pairs by the outreach workers who delivered prevention messages: not to use drugs and injecting equipment; cleaning syringes with bleach; avoiding multiple sex partners; and using condoms. Within 1 year, 750 of the estimated 800 IDUs were reached and 3930 bleach kits and 4734 condoms were distributed. Referrals were made for medical problems (thrombophlebitis, abscess, and infections) to a team doctor or drop-in centers. Later, active IDUs were also recruited to help reach new IDUs. Dealers' homes were also visited to distribute risk reduction information and bleach kits. At the six drug treatment centers regular weekly visits were paid to provide prevention information. Weekly visits were made to the jail with a similar bid. A drug users' organization was formed which discussed health concerns faced by IDUs on a weekly basis. Two drop-in centers were also set up, where an average of 10-15 IDUs could come daily and discuss any problem with the field staff. Constraints on the outreach implementation included illegal drug use, low morale among the outreach workers, lack of understanding of the community and church, the cumbersome bureaucracy, the deteriorating political situation, no facilities for voluntary HIV testing and counseling, and the relapse of outreach workers into drug use.
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PMID:Reaching out beyond the hills: HIV prevention among injecting drug users in Manipur, India. 929 40

Lawmakers and a handful of government employees have objected to the Federal government's programs to educate its employees about AIDS. At the June 22, 1995 hearing of the civil service subcommittee of the House Government Reform and Oversight Committee, protests were raised on religious or moral grounds. Thomas Herron, a supervisory logistics manager at the Naval Air Technical Services Facility in Philadelphia found the training to be against the principles of his faith. Rep. Robert K. Dornan (R-Calif) said his office was flooded with calls and letters from employees who raised concern that the training is being used to advance a redefinition of the family and is a blatant pro-homosexual agenda. Robert L. Maginnis, policy analyst for the conservative Family Research Council, faulted the training, saying it does little to change behavior that puts people at risk for HIV infection. Clinton administration officials testified at the meeting that the program is necessary to ensure both the safety of the workforce and employees' freedom from discrimination and harassment. Individual departments and agencies are responsible for developing their own AIDS training programs. According to Alan Heuerman, associate director for human resource systems service with the Office of Personnel Management, relatively few objections have been raised about the training.
AIDS Policy Law 1995 Jul 28
PMID:Critics raise moral objections to Federal AIDS education classes. 1136 5

A former executive at the [name removed] School of Beauty Culture has filed a lawsuit alleging that the school identifies employees who have higher than average health-care costs and then initiates a harassment campaign against these employees. According to the executive, [name removed], the school president discussed a plan to reduce expenses by decreasing health care insurance benefits. The suit states that the Philadelphia-based company follows a policy of identifying cancer patients and homosexuals and then targets these individuals for harassment and abuse. When Mr. [Name removed] was diagnosed with a brain tumor, he was subjected to a range of tactics that encouraged him to quit, including a barrage of verbal abuse, being barred from meetings of his peers, and an expanded workload. The former executive charges the school and its president with violating the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA). Discovery in the litigation has begun, but no trial date has been scheduled.
AIDS Policy Law 1995 Sep 08
PMID:Suit alleges cosmetology school targeted gays for removal. 1136 68

The [name removed] School of Beauty Culture in suburban Philadelphia settled a lawsuit filed by [name removed], former controller of the school. The suit claimed that the school had a policy of harassing and forcing out employees who might present a high risk for health-care costs, such as gay men who might develop HIV/AIDS. [Name removed] charged that the school violated the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) and the Federal Rehabilitation Act by targeting him for harassment after he revealed that he had a brain tumor. The terms of the settlement are confidential.
AIDS Policy Law 1996 Feb 09
PMID:Beauty school, former executive settle suit alleging harassment. 1136 66

A report issued by the Anti-Violence Project and the National Association of People with AIDS recommends that AIDS service providers (legal, social, and medical) take the lead in tackling HIV-related violence. More than one in five HIV-positive people say they have been the target of assault, harassment, or intimidation because of their infection. Service providers are urged to break through the silence by acknowledging their client's concerns and offering assistance through local anti-violence programs. The report also recommends imposing harsher penalties on hate crimes aimed at people with disabilities, including HIV. A separate report found that most HIV-related violence goes unreported.
AIDS Policy Law 1996 May 03
PMID:Report asks service providers to help tackle HIV violence. 1136 62

The New York State Senate unanimously approved legislation making it a felony for a prisoner to throw feces, urine, blood, or semen on a corrections officer. The state prison system reported 218 such throwing incidents in 1995. These incidents constitute aggravated harassment. The bill forces offenders to undergo annual HIV-antibody testing while in custody.
AIDS Policy Law 1996 May 17
PMID:Body fluids as weapons. 1136 69

A New York City couple, [name removed] and [name removed], must pay [name removed] $125,000 for trying to force him from their apartment because he is gay and HIV-positive. The Rosacos used an 18-month campaign of abuse and harassment, including disabling [name removed]'s door locks, turning off his electricity, and threatening to force him out into the street. They denounced [name removed] in public and expressed their wish that he develop AIDS and die a painful death. [Name removed] filed a complaint with the Human Rights Commission, who ruled that the [name removed] violated a section of the city's administrative code prohibiting landlords from discriminating against tenants based on sexual orientation and disability. The [name removed] were ordered to pay [name removed] $100,000 in emotional distress damages and a $75,000 civil penalty. The State Supreme Court's Appellate Division found no reason to grant the [name removed] an appeal. They decreased the civil penalty to $25,000 because the [name removed] 50 unit apartment building does not make them large landlords by Manhattan standards.
AIDS Policy Law 1996 May 31
PMID:Landlords to pay $125,000 for abusing gay tenant with HIV. 1136 97


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