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Query: UMLS:C0001175 (AIDS)
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HIV is efficiently transmitted through transfusion with HIV-infected blood. Accordingly, 203 multitransfused children with thalassemia attending the thalassemia clinic of the Charak Palika Hospital in New Delhi were screened for antibodies to HIV using ELISA and Western blot tests. 8.37% of the sample tested HIV-seropositive (HIV+). These 17 children were joined by 3 others referred from a neighboring state to constitute a group to be matched against 20 HIV-children for the purpose of comparing psychosocial aspects. The control group was matched for age, sex, educational level, and socioeconomic status with mean age 10.8 years ranging over 1-16 years. 4 members of the HIV+ sample were diagnoses as having clinical AIDS according to WHO criteria. The remaining 14 boys and 2 girls were HIV+, but asymptomatic. 25% were of lower class, 63.5% middle class, and 12.5% upper class. Of those with AIDS, 50% were diagnosed in their first year of life and 82% were diagnosed by year 3. Symptoms generally developed after 4-6 months of life. Lymphadenopathy and hepatomegaly tend to be visible at birth, while chronic diarrhea, prolonged fever, oral thrush, recurrent bacterial infections, and hepatosplenomegaly may also be presented. 7.1% of cases aged 2-3 years exhibited rocking and head banging problems worse than did control subjects. Furthermore, 28.5% had temper tantrums and 21.5% ground teeth. These children may have delayed developmental milestones as well as behavioral problems. The small sample size, however, precludes concluding that psychosocial differences exist between those with HIV/AIDS and those with thalassemia major. In fact, behavioral problems in these children were due to child illness and not of HIV-positivity, for children tend to be unaware of HIV/AIDS infections and its consequences. The author recommends that HIV+ children continue to attend school unless they can not control bodily secretions, have uncoverable oozing lesions, have unacceptable behaviors, or if there is extreme possibility of contracting infectious diseases at school. The author also stresses parents' and families' need for long-term medical and psychological care.
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PMID:Psycho-social aspects of HIV infection and AIDS in multiple transfused thalassemic children. 145 60

In just 3 months in 1991, WHO increased its estimate of the number of people infected with HIV in all of Asia 2 fold (500,000-1 million). By 2000, WHO estimated that there will be 250,000 new cases each year in India and Thailand alone where HIV infection has spread most rapidly. A professor from the All India Institute of Medical Sciences reported that AIDS is no longer restricted to the urban areas of Madras. Bombay, Calcutta, and Delhi. It spread to Manipur which is located on the border of the Golden Triangle, a drug trading area, where an especially high rate existed in the early 1990s. For example, in October 1989, 1 blood sample from this area tested positive for HIV, but by June 1990, 54% of 1500 blood samples tested positive. Thailand already had a serious AIDS epidemic so with a high HIV rate in Manipur, India and Thailand, AIDS could spread to Myanmar, Laos, Vietnam, and southern China. 1 major mode of HIV transmission in India is prostitution. Harsh economic conditions often force women into it. Often they are coerced. Since condom use has been promoted as a method of family planning, prostitutes have not considered using condoms to protect themselves and their clients from AIDS. An Indian sociologist advocated targeting truck drivers since the prostitutes do not have the power to demand safe sex and truck drivers spread it into rural areas. The Thailand, the number of HIV infected people climbed from 300,000 in December 1990 to 400,000 by mid 1991. Intravenous drug use, (males make up 90% of drug addicts) was the main mode of HIV transmission in Bangkok. These males than transmit HIV to prostitutes. In mid 1991, however, 92% of drug addicts in Bangkok practice safe injection techniques. Seroprevalence in diverse Thai groups included 6% of men with sexually transmitted diseases, 15% of prostitutes, and 6% of army recruits.
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PMID:AIDS spreads eastward. 185 40

In 1990, 15 of the 20 HIV seropositive and 100 seronegative male blood donors from 2 commercial blood banks in Delhi, India were interviewed to identify risk behaviors and epidemiologic traits associated with professional blood donors. The overall HIV infection rate stood at 1.1/1000 blood donations between March 1989-February 1990. In October 1988, it was 2.8. All of the HIV seropositive men donated blood at least every 2 months and 87% donated blood at least once a month compared with 31% of the seronegative men who donated blood. (p.001). 93% of the seropositive men donated blood at 1 blood bank whereas only 45% of the seronegative men did (p.001). 87% of the seropositive donors had multiple sex partners while only 9% of the seronegative donors did (p..001). The seropositive men tended to be single and have lived in =or+ 2 urban areas in the preceding 5 years (p.001). 66% of the blood donors who donated blood at 1 blood bank knew about AIDS while only 34% of those who donated at 1 center did (p.05). 63% of the married donors knew about AIDS compared with 42% for the single donors (p.05). Yet no difference existed in knowledge about AIDS between the seropositive and seronegative groups. Knowledge was scant even for the 59 blood donors who knew about AIDS, e.g., 53% were not aware that blood transfusions can transmit AIDS and 22% had multiple sex partners. Therefore the national strategy to control AIDS in India should include AIDS education campaigns geared to professional blood donors. Further blood banks need to screen for individuals who have AIDS risk factors. It is suggested that the blood transfusion service should not rely on professional blood donors since they know little about AIDS and represent a high-risk group.
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PMID:Behavioural risk factors for acquisition of HIV infection and knowledge about AIDS among male professional blood donors in Delhi. 189 6

A survey of the level of public awareness of AIDS in India was conducted on 600 men and women from Aligarth town, 180 km east of Delhi, and in Srinagar City in Kashmir Valley. Subjects were chosen from illiterate and below matriculate level; matriculate to graduate level; and graduate and above. Subjects were asked if they had heard of a disease called AIDS, when they first hears about AIDS, what was their 1st source of information, what are the reasons behind the incidence of AIDS and whether they are scared of AIDS. None of the illiterate group had heard of AIDS. 24% of the men and 14% of the women in the matriculate and graduate level group (clerks, mechanics, primary school teachers, businessmen and undergraduate students) had heard of AIDS. 92% of the highest educated group (lawyers, engineers, school principals and university students or teachers) had heard of AIDS. The 8% who had not were mostly women. Most of the highly educated, but fewer of the middle group were afraid of AIDS, but most thought AIDS would not spread in India because "our life pattern is different." None was aware that AIDS can spread from unchecked blood transfusions and re-use of unsterilized needles in hospitals. The most common information sources were newspapers, radio, magazines and friends. Most had not heard of AIDS from doctors or other health workers, or from television, which could be an extremely effective medium to reach people.
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PMID:AIDS awareness: Indian context. 229 85

2597 serum samples from individuals belonging to various groups were screened for antibodies to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). The majority of the sera screened were from residents of India; 16 were from foreigners. Screening was done using ELISA kits from 4 different commercial sources. Samples which were reactive initially were retested using the same kit. 4 samples were reactive repeatedly in all the kits used. 2 of these were from patients with Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS), 1 from a patient with AIDS-related complex, and 1 from an apparently healthy female prostitute living in Bombay. These 4 samples were confirmed to be positive by Western Blot, immunofluorescence, and the Karpas AIDS test. Among the sexually promiscuous persons screened for antibodies to HIV in India, female prostitutes appear to be the only risk group in whom antibodies to HIV virus have been detected. This also has been reported from Tamil Nadu. Positive reactors among blood donors screened even in areas of high incidence of AIDS has been very low. There were no positive reactors among the tribals, naval personnel, and individuals from jails. Overall, the data and an earlier report from Delhi suggest that the activity of AIDS retrovirus remains low in India, but the possible threat of spread of this disease should be considered. As prostitutes have been the only risk group with positive serological evidence of HIV infection, surveillance of this group is indicated.
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PMID:Seroepidemiological investigations on human immunodeficiency virus infections in some parts of India. 316 84

Serum samples from a total of 1505 (826 males and 679 females) individuals belonging to various categories of Delhi based high-risk groups, such as those attending clinics which treat sexually transmitted diseases (n=700), prostitutes (n=348), jail inmates (n=325), drug addicts (n=26), blood donors (n=11), those clinically suspected AIDS cases (n=89), and those who underwent coronary bypass surgery abroad during the past 3-4 years (n=6) were screened for the presence of antibodies to HTLV-III/LAV/HIV virus. The commercial Wellcozyme AIDS ELISA kit was used and none of the serum samples tested positive for the HTLV-III virus.
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PMID:Screening for seroprevalence of HTLV-III/HIV infection in high risk groups in Delhi. 380 83

Two hundred thirteen teachers of one secondary and four primary schools of East Delhi were interviewed to assess their knowledge and attitudes about AIDS and their opinions regarding school based AIDS education. Observations revealed that majority of the teachers were aware of various aspects of HIV/AIDS. However, they also had some misconceptions regarding transmission of the disease. Though, most of the teachers opined that they could play an important role in educating the students as well as the community regarding AIDS/STDs, three fourths of them had never discussed AIDS/STDs with their students. Majority of teachers were in favour of starting class room based education on AIDS/STDs, beginning from secondary classes onwards, and more than half opined that class teacher could educate the students better than the doctors or parents. The results suggest that after being properly trained, teachers can be effectively utilized for educating the students.
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PMID:Teachers' awareness and opinion about AIDS: implications for school based AIDS education. 749 67

Data are analyzed from 134 HIV positive individuals who were referred to the National AIDS Control Organization of the Indian Government for clinical management during June 1986-June 1993. The center was a major referral center for northern India. HIV was determined by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Retesting was conducted. The population was grouped as under and over 13 years of age. Laboratory testing was performed in order to determine the absolute lymphocyte count (ALC), the absolute and percentage of CD4+ and CD8+ lymphocyte counts and CD4/CD8 ratios, immunoglobulins, and delayed-type cutaneous hypersensitivity (DTH). Findings indicated an increase in HIV positive cases over time and a greater number of adults who were HIV positive. The mean age was 27.2 years for males and 22.2 years for females. The youngest age was 1.5 years. 116 HIV positive people were Indians, and most lived in metropolitan areas of northern India. 25 were children. 25 lived in neighboring villages of Haryana, Punjab, and around Delhi. Marital status appeared to be unrelated to HIV status. 51 men were single and 46 were married and seropositive due to sexual contacts. 4 women were single and 8 were married. Of the 4 single women, 2 were sexually very active with multiple partners. 6 of the 8 married females acquired HIV infection through their spouses. The other 2 received HIV infected blood transfusions. 39.5% of men and 75% of women acquired HIV infections from heterosexual contacts. 29% of transmission was due to contaminated blood and blood products. The HIV infected male population comprised mainly businessmen and defense personnel. HIV infected persons came mainly from the Bombay-Pune area. 66.6% of persons infected from contaminated blood were from Delhi. Asymptomatic PGL and ARC screenings were the common reason for referral to the center. 13 of the 134 have already died. The most common cause of death was Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia. The most common opportunistic infection was candidiasis.
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PMID:Sociodemographic characteristics of HIV infection in northern India. 763 44

A total of 322 students from two colleges of Delhi University, one located in urban and the other in the rural area were surveyed to assess and compare their knowledge, attitudes and beliefs regarding HIV/AIDS. A pretested and self-administered questionnaire containing mostly close ended questions was used. Observations revealed that majority of the students were aware of various aspects of HIV/AIDS. However, they also had some misconceptions particularly regarding transmission of the disease. The science and urban students had significantly more knowledge as compared to their counter parts, there by leading to more positive attitudes among them. Findings suggest intensification of AIDS education campaign focussed on removal of misconceptions and changing negative attitudes, more so amongst rural students. Science students can prove as a potential source of peer communication to the non-science students both in urban as well as rural areas.
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PMID:Knowledge and attitudes of university students regarding HIV/AIDS: an urban--rural difference. 775 99

The World Health Organization (WHO) criteria for HIV clinical disease were tested among individuals with high-risk behavior in northern India. A questionnaire, based upon history and physical examination alone, standardized by the WHO to include both major and minor signs necessary for the clinical diagnosis of AIDS in adults was applied to 165 consecutive patients attending the STD clinic of Dr. R.M.L. Hospital, New Delhi. All patients were screened for the presence of STDs by the dermatologist in charge of the clinic, with patients fulfilling two major and at least two minor WHO criteria eventually classified as having clinical AIDS based upon the WHO case definition. Each of those patients was subjected to serological confirmation of the clinical suspicion using ELISA and Western blot commercial tests. Of the 165 patients screened, a definite diagnosis of STD was possible in 85. These patients were 20-45 years old (mean age, 30.59 years). All were male and chancroid was the most common STD in the cohort. Of the 85, only one satisfied the WHO clinical criteria for AIDS. Serological investigations, ELISA, and Western blot confirmed the subject's HIV-seropositive status. These results indicate that in northern India, clinical HIV disease remains rare even among individuals with high-risk behavior. The low prevalence of clinical HIV disease in that part of the country makes it difficult to assess the specificity and sensitivity of the WHO clinical criteria for AIDS.
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PMID:Surveillance of STD patients for AIDS using World Health Organisation criteria. 775 6


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