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Query: UMLS:C0001175 (AIDS)
 120,706 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

A retrospective review of cranial CT scans obtained over a 4 year period in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) and documented central nervous system (CNS) pathology is presented. The spectrum of diseases and the value of CT in detecting new, recurrent, and superimposed disease processes were determined. Fifty-one AIDS patients with confirmed CNS pathology were identified. Six of them had two coexistent diseases. Opportunistic infections predominated, especially Toxoplasma encephalitis and cryptococcal meningitis, while tumor was seen infrequently. Initial CT was positive in 76% of cases. In contrast to meningeal processes, where it was not very effective, CT was very sensitive in detecting most parenchymal disease processes. Characteristic although not pathognomonic CT patterns were found for certain diseases. Improvement or resolution of CT abnormalities in patients on medical therapy for Toxoplasma encephalitis correlated well with clinical improvement. Recurrence of CT abnormalities correlated well with medical noncompliance. The optimal contrast enhancement technique for detecting CNS pathology and for monitoring the effectiveness of medical therapy was also evaluated by a prospective study in which both immediate (IDD) and 1 hr delayed (DDD) double-dose contrast CT scans were compared. The examination found to be diagnostically superior in 30 of the 41 IDD/DDD studies was the delayed scan. It is recommended that CT be used routinely and with the 1 hr DDD scan to evaluate and follow AIDS patients with neurologic symptoms and/or signs.
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PMID:Cranial CT in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome: spectrum of diseases and optimal contrast enhancement technique. 387 51

The acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) is characterized by a severe idiopathic deficiency in T-cell mediated immunity. Homosexuals, intravenous drug abusers and Haitians are predominantly affected, predisposing them to opportunistic infections and neoplasms. In this study, the central nervous system (CNS) was examined at autopsy in 29 AIDS patients. Significant CNS complications occurred in 55%, mainly related to opportunistic infections similar to those seen in patients with other causes of immunosuppression. Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (three cases), cytomegalovirus (CMV) encephalitis (five cases), cryptococcal meningitis (four cases), Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare (three cases), and toxoplasmosis (one case) were found. Widespread microglial nodules were observed in 20 patients, 80% of whom had CMV inclusions elsewhere at autopsy. Primary cerebral lymphoma (one case) and lymphomatoid granulomatosis (one case) were present. Subarachnoid (five cases) and intraparenchymal (three cases) hemorrhage was seen although these were not usually clinically significant. A single case of embolic arterial obstruction with cortical infarction was due to non-bacterial thrombotic endocarditis.
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PMID:Neuropathologic findings in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). 394 50

A 34-year-old homosexual male developed cryptococcal meningitis as the initial manifestation of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS). With antifungal therapy he improved. Six weeks later he developed focal motor seizures and progressive hemiplegia. Computer assisted tomography revealed multiple, ring-enhancing, low density lesions. The patient expired and at necropsy he was found to have multiple toxoplasma brain abscesses as well as chronic cryptococcal meningitis. This case demonstrates that in a patient with AIDS with pre-existing central nervous system infection who develops new neurological symptoms the possibility of a second and potentially treatable infection must be considered and its diagnosis pursued vigorously.
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PMID:Cryptococcal meningitis and cerebral toxoplasmosis in a patient with acquired immune deficiency syndrome. 395 46

The authors report 3 cases of AIDS in children 10 and 11 years of age. These cases fulfill the definition of AIDS such as established by C.D.C. (Centers for Disease Control, Atlanta, Georgia U.S.A.) As opportunistic infections, the first case had oral moniliasis, the second case presented with ganglionic form of Kaposi Sarcoma and the third case had cryptococcal meningitis. The mode of transmission in this age group is unknown. Only one child had repeated transfusion. The parents of these children are in good health and were not at risk for AIDS.
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PMID:[Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome in older children]. 403 41

Fifty patients with acquired immune deficiency syndrome had complications affecting the central or peripheral nervous systems or both. The patients were either male homosexuals, intravenous drug abusers, or recently arrived Haitian refugees. They ranged in age from 25 to 56. Central nervous system complications were of four kinds: (1) Infections included Toxoplasma gondii abscesses in 5 patients, progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy in 2, cryptococcal meningitis in 2, Candida albicans in 1, and possible Mycobacterium avium intracellulare in 3. Eighteen patients suffered a subacute encephalitis possibly attributable to cytomegalovirus infection. (2) Tumors consisted of primary lymphoma of the brain in 3 patients and meningeal invasion by systemic lymphoma in 4. (3) Vascular complications included nonbacterial thrombotic endocarditis in 2 patients and cerebral hemorrhages in the setting of thrombocytopenia in 3. (4) Undiagnosed central nervous system problems were evidenced as focal brain lesions in 3 patients and self-limiting aseptic meningitis in 4. Peripheral neuropathy occurred in 8 patients.
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PMID:Neurological complications of acquired immune deficiency syndrome: analysis of 50 patients. 631 74

A 42-year-old bisexual man with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, cryptococcal meningitis, disseminated Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare with mycobacteremia, and oropharyngeal candidiasis developed unilateral retinitis and bilateral cotton wool patches. Histopathologic examination revealed unilateral necrotizing retinochoroiditis with virions in retinal and choroidal tissues. Postmortem cultures of retina and choroid were positive for cytomegalovirus.
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PMID:Unilateral cytomegalovirus retinochoroiditis and bilateral cytoid bodies in a bisexual man with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. 632 53

A 42-year-old bisexual man with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, cryptococcal meningitis, disseminated Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare with mycobacteremia, and oropharyngeal candidiasis developed unilateral retinitis and bilateral cotton wool patches. Histopathologic examination revealed unilateral necrotizing retinochoroiditis with virions in retinal and choroidal tissues. Postmortem cultures of retina and choroid were positive for cytomegalovirus.
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PMID:Unilateral cytomegalovirus retinochoroiditis and bilateral cytoid bodies in a bisexual man with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. 633 Jun 38

We analyzed the neurological complications in 25 patients with Kaposi's sarcoma, 5 encountered at Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center and 20 culled from the literature. Patients with all clinical forms of Kaposi's sarcoma [14 classical cases, 2 African cases, 5 cases associated with immunosuppressive therapy and 4 cases associated with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)] suffered neurological dysfunction which included neoplastic involvement of the nervous system (Kaposi's sarcoma or another primary), autoimmune disorders and opportunistic infections. Neoplastic involvement was recorded most frequently in patients with classical and African Kaposi's sarcoma and was favored in a setting of extensive tumor dissemination. Opportunistic infections (cryptococcal meningitis and cerebral toxoplasmosis) were observed in all forms of Kaposi's sarcoma but were most frequent in AIDS cases and correlated with the degree of immune dysfunction. Our data suggest that more diverse opportunistic central nervous system infections, neurological disorders of an autoimmune nature, and neoplastic involvement of the nervous system are to be anticipated in AIDS.
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PMID:Neurological complications of Kaposi's sarcomat. An analysis of 5 cases and a review of the literature. 638 58

Central nervous system complications depicted by CT in ten patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome are described. Three patients had multifocal intra-axial enhancing lesions representing atypical brain abscesses (two with toxoplasmosis, one with candidiasis). A fourth patient with multifocal "ring" lesions whose biopsy was interpreted as suggestive of toxoplasmosis responded poorly to treatment. Following his death three months later of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia, autopsy revealed primary intracerebral immunoblastic lymphoma. One patient had Kaposi sarcoma involving the right frontal lobe (seen as an enhancing mass on the CT scan). CT findings in the remaining five patients revealed mild to moderate enlargement of cerebrospinal fluid spaces (including ventricles and basal cisternae) as a result of cryptococcal meningitis in three patients and "aseptic" meningitis in two. The two patients in whom early biopsy confirmed toxoplasmosis responded well to anti-infective therapy, resulting in dramatic clinical recoveries.
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PMID:Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome: neuroradiologic findings. 662 93

Cryptococcal meningitis in a 35-year old male who had a history of chronic alcoholism and sexual promiscuity, is presented here. The patient presented twice, 6 weeks apart, with altered sensorium. On the earlier occasion, CSF examination and CT head scan were entirely normal, while on the second occasion CSF abnormalities were found which led to the diagnosis of cryptococcal meningitis. The patient eventually tested positive for HIV by both the ELISA and Western Blot techniques. Diagnostic problems and management difficulties in AIDS-related cryptococcal meningitis are discussed.
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PMID:Problems in the diagnosis of AIDS related cryptococcal meningitis: a case report. 749 69


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