Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: UMLS:C0001175 (AIDS)
 120,706 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

In September 1991, the 7th IUVDT Regional Conference on Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs) convened in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, to exchange information on the importance of controlling STDs and HIV-AIDS in Asia. Speakers from Thailand, Malaysia, and Japan provided the latest HIV-AIDS epidemiological data. In Thailand, heterosexual transmission of HIV is catching up with iv drug use. Most infected women are 15-24 years old. In Malaysia, drug use iv drug use trails heterosexual transmission of HIV. In Japan, hemophiliacs comprise 85% of HIV-positive people. Current problems do not compare to the sizable task Asian countries face in affecting the progression of the HIV-AIDS epidemic. All countries need to implement control measures quickly and at the same time. They should not pretend traditional values and beliefs would shield their people from the epidemic. Asian countries should especially stop promoting themselves as places of sexual adventure. Control programs should also target STDs. Australian presenters discussed the results of the Sydney Sexual Lifestyle Study and a study on the effect of zidovudine therapy on the prognosis of AIDS. Another presentation focused on the possibility of a vaccine for chlamydia infection. Several papers centered on the treatment of chancroid and gonococcal and nongonococcal urethritis and evaluation of a detection test for chlamydia infection. 1 participant reviewed the role of human papilloma virus in cervical carcinogenesis. Another participant demonstrated a link between bacterial vaginosis and adnexal tenderness and pelvic infection. The conference concluded with a presenter challenging everyone to meet the HIV-AIDS challenge. Reasons why current control measures do not work include inadequate facilities to manage STDs, tendency not to consider HIV another STD, failure to promote and lack of condoms, and not educating school children about HIV-AIDS.
 ...
PMID:Seventh IUVDT Regional Conference on Sexually Transmitted Diseases, Kuala Lumpur, 5-7 September 1991. 158 59

The efficacy and safety of ofloxacin, 200 mg twice daily for 7 days, was compared with metronidazole, 400 mg twice daily for 7 days, for the treatment of bacterial vaginosis (BV). Diagnosis of BV was confirmed by at least 3 of the following 4 criteria: the presence of an abnormal vaginal discharge on examination, clue cells on microscopy of vaginal specimens, vaginal pH greater than 5.0 and a positive amine test. Vaginal specimens were examined for Mobiluncus spp, analysed for the succinate/lactate (S/L) ratio and cultured for Trichomonas vaginalis, Gardnerella vaginalis, Bacteroides spp. and Mycoplasma hominis. Patients were reviewed on completion of treatment (visit 2) and 14 days later (visit 3). The diagnosis of BV was accepted in 119 of 149 patients recruited, 60 of whom received treatment with ofloxacin and 59 received metronidazole. Sixty-two patients, 31 in each treatment group, completed the study. Diagnostic cure at visit 2 was significantly better in the metronidazole group with cure rates of 56% (metronidazole) vs 23% (ofloxacin) (P = 0.001); this was associated with higher eradication rates for G. vaginalis (100% vs 56%) and Bacteroides spp. (97% vs 49%). There were no significant differences between the two groups in clinical cure at either visit 2 or 3 or in diagnostic cure at visit 3. Both treatments were well tolerated. We conclude that metronidazole is likely to remain the first choice of treatment for BV but ofloxacin offers a safe and effective alternative.
Int J STD AIDS
PMID:Comparison of ofloxacin and metronidazole for the treatment of bacterial vaginosis. 161 67

A polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to demonstrate the presence or absence of Mycoplasma genitalium in the lower genital tract of 57 women who attended a sexually transmitted diseases clinic. The mycoplasma was detected in the cervix of 10 (17.5%) women and also in the vagina of 4 (16%) and the urethra of 6 (24%) of 25 women from whom multiple samples were obtained. Chlamydia trachomatis was detected also by a PCR in 9 (16%) of the women, but only 3 were chlamydia-positive and mycoplasma-positive. M. genitalium was detected occasionally in women with vaginal disease (for example, bacterial vaginosis), whereas C. trachomatis was not, but whether there is any causal relationship between the mycoplasma and vaginal or cervical disease requires further study.
Int J STD AIDS
PMID:Detection of Mycoplasma genitalium in the genitourinary tract of women by the polymerase chain reaction. 191 58

The sexual behaviour of 400 women with and 400 women without bacterial vaginosis from a health screening programme was investigated by a questionnaire to see if women with bacterial vaginosis had similar behaviours to women considered at risk for STDs. These patients were randomly selected from computer records. Eight hundred questionnaires were distributed and 641 women answered. The age of first sexual intercourse was lower among women with bacterial vaginosis (17.8 years) than those without (18.6 years; P less than 0.001). Number of lifetime sexual partners was higher among women with bacterial vaginosis (P less than 0.001). Women with bacterial vaginosis smoked or had smoked more often. These results indicate that women with bacterial vaginosis have similar sexual behaviour to those at risk for STDs.
Int J STD AIDS
PMID:Is bacterial vaginosis a sexually transmitted disease? 195 22

In an epidemiological survey of 2128 women attending a sexually transmitted diseases clinic for the first time and 200 attending two primary health clinics, 26% and 27% respectively were found to have bacterial vaginosis. The prevalence increased significantly with age, being diagnosed in 22.8% (326/1431) of women aged 14-24 years, and in 33.3% (232/697) of those aged greater than or equal to 25 years. Bacterial vaginosis was associated with gonorrhoea and with chlamydial infection, but was negatively associated with genital papillomavirus infection and yeast infection. Women using barrier contraceptives had a significantly lower prevalence of bacterial vaginosis than those using an intrauterine device or no contraceptive. Women less than or equal to 24 years old using oral contraceptives had a significantly lower prevalence of bacterial vaginosis than those not using contraceptives. Patients without gonorrhoea or chlamydial infection but with vaginal or urethral inflammatory signs had a significantly higher prevalence of bacterial vaginosis than those without inflammatory signs. These findings may have implications regarding complications associated with lower genital tract infections and may strengthen the hypothesis that bacterial vaginosis is a risk factor for pelvic inflammatory disease.
Int J STD AIDS 1990 Mar
PMID:Prevalence of bacterial vaginosis and its association with genital infections, inflammation, and contraceptive methods in women attending sexually transmitted disease and primary health clinics. 196 91

This preliminary study compared the signs, symptoms and prevalence of bacterial vaginosis (BV) and candidal infections in women using spermicides, with those using other forms of contraception, to establish whether nonoxynol-9 had any therapeutic value against BV or gave rise to vaginal candidiasis and inflammation. Overall results showed that the prevalence of BV in non-spermicide users was 35/113 (31%) but was significantly less in spermicide users, 10/66 (15%), P < 0.05. Nonoxynol-9 was not associated with increased isolation of Candida albicans, which was found in 16/113 (14%) of non-spermicide users, and in 8/66 (12%) of those using spermicides, P > 0.1. Vaginal inflammation and discharge were significantly less in spermicide users, 19/66 (29%) than in the non-spermicide group, 50/113 (44%), P < 0.05. Nonoxynol-9 contraception was associated with a significantly reduced prevalence of BV, but not with increased candidiasis or vaginal inflammation.
Int J STD AIDS
PMID:Comparison of the influence of spermicidal and non-spermicidal contraception on bacterial vaginosis, candidal infection and inflammation of the vagina--a preliminary study. 781 57

The aim of this study was to correlate the significance of vaginal microbiology, in particular its anaerobic component, to the presence of bacterial vaginosis (BV), and to review the clinical criteria used in the diagnosis of this condition. Ninety-two female patients who received routine STD screening were studied. After routine history, presence and character of vaginal discharge and vaginal pH were noted, an amine test performed, and a wet stain observed microscopically. Routine Gram stain smears and cultures were prepared. BV was diagnosed clinically in 28 (30%) of our sample, and Gardnerella vaginalis was cultured in 41 patients (45%). Both clue cells and anaerobes were closely associated with each other and both mutually exclusive with the presence of lactobacilli on Gram stain (P < 0.001). BV was found to be strongly associated with the presence of clue cells on the wet film, anaerobes and G. vaginalis. In conclusion, bacterial vaginosis is not only strongly associated with the presence of G. vaginalis in the vaginal flora, but more strongly with the presence of anaerobes. The study suggests that the microaerophile G. vaginalis is a commensal organism in a significant proportion of sexually active women. If the aerobic status of the healthy vagina is disrupted, anaerobes (including Gardnerella) will flourish, producing the clinical picture of bacterial vaginosis.
Int J STD AIDS
PMID:Bacterial vaginosis in a district genitourinary medicine department: significance of vaginal microbiology and anaerobes. 784 17

The cumulative incidence of sexually transmitted diseases (STD) in a cohort of 51 (35 female, 16 male) HIV-1 seropositive STD clinic attenders who had acquired HIV-1 infection via heterosexual transmission was investigated through a retrospective review of the case notes. The women were followed up for a mean 11.6 months and the men for 18 months. Thirty-one (88%) of the women and 13 (81%) of the men were of sub-Saharan African origin. Approximately half of the subjects were first diagnosed as HIV-1 positive with CD4 counts < 200 x 10(6)/1 and a quarter with CD4 counts < 50 x 10(6)/1. STDs detected in women were: genital herpes 15 (43%), candida 12 (34%), bacterial vaginosis 9 (25%), and in men: genital herpes 6 (38%), non-gonococcal urethritis 4 (25%). No cases of gonorrhoea were detected. At the time of first diagnosis of genital herpes at the clinic, the mean CD4 count in women was 275 x 10(6)/1 and in men 285 x 10(6)/1. Genital herpes was the AIDS defining diagnosis in 3 of the women. The recognized risk of HIV transmission via genital lesions should be stressed in HIV-1 positive subjects with genital herpes. The incidence of other STD was low--both knowledge of HIV status and safer sex counselling may limit unsafe sexual behaviour and should be evaluated further as a strategy for limiting the spread of HIV-1 infection.
Int J STD AIDS
PMID:High cumulative incidence of genital herpes amongst HIV-1 seropositive heterosexuals in south London. 784 19

The most common spermicidal compound in use in North America is nonoxynol-9. Barrier methods of contraception used in combination with a spermicidal product help prevent a variety of sexually transmitted diseases. In 1991 the Centers for Disease Control reported a total of 620,478 cases of gonorrhea, 128,569 of syphilis, and 43,672 of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). The evidence for antimicrobial activity of spermicides against sexually transmitted disease pathogens has been accumulated during the last 20 years from in vitro and in vivo studies on Neisseria gonorrhea, Treponema pallidum, Chlamydia trachomatis, Trichomonas vaginalis, Herpes simplex viruses 1 and 2, and the human immunodeficiency virus. Uropathogenic bacteria, including E. coli, Proteus mirabilis, Enterococcus faecalis and Staphylococcus species, have been found to grow in concentrations of 25% or greater of nonoxynol-9. Less well known is the effect of nonoxynol-9 on the growth of lactobacilli, the predominant organisms colonizing the vagina of most healthy postpubertal and premenopausal women, which according to in vitro studies could inhibit the colonization and ascending infection of the bladder by E. coli and as E. faecalis. The organisms associated with bacterial vaginosis have been found to be inhibited by low concentrations of nonoxynol-9 (0.0019-0.5%). However, spermicide use does not appear to have any effect on the development of bacterial vaginosis. Clinical studies to date, with one exception, have shown no significant differences in bacterial vaginosis infection rates among users of diaphragms, contraceptive sponges and condoms and other contraceptive methods that do not involve exposure to spermicides. A history of nonoxynol-9 use as well as the use of antimicrobial agents should be considered in recurrent urogenital infections, since both can potentially disrupt the urogenital microbial flora. The physician must weigh the risk of exposure to sexually transmitted diseases or an unwanted pregnancy against the prevention of urinary tract infection or vaginal candidiasis before advising the patient to discontinue the use of nonoxynol-9-containing spermicides.
 ...
PMID:The influence of nonoxynol-9-containing spermicides on urogenital infection. 805 30

Treatment regimens for sexually transmitted infections continue to evolve. The natural history of syphilis in HIV-infected patients is leading to more aggressive policies in terms of both investigation and treatment. In particular, treatment protocols for late syphilis, especially neurosyphilis, are under scrutiny. Epidemiological change typified by the spread of penicillinase-producing Neisseria gonorrhoeae (PPNG) has led to a search for new agents to treat gonorrhoea, with a more extensive use of cephalosporin and quinolone antibiotics emerging. The problem of compliance with the antibiotic courses presently required for chlamydial infection may be close to being solved with the development of newer macrolide agents. Single dose azithromycin, although expensive, seems to be as effective as longer courses with other agents. Furthermore, its efficacy in gonococcal infection is also encouraging. Increased understanding of the pathogenesis and natural history of pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) and bacterial vaginosis (BV) has led to rationalization of treatment policies for these conditions.
Int J STD AIDS
PMID:Antibiotic chemotherapy of bacterial sexually transmitted diseases in adults: a review. 806 Oct 86


1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Next >>