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Query: UMLS:C0001175 (AIDS)
 120,706 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

We assessed the value of urinary neopterin concentrations for prognosis of disease progression in HIV-1-infected patients. Sixty-eight anti-HIV-1 seropositive homosexuals with lymphadenopathy syndrome were tested for urinary neopterin and T-cell subset counts in 1982-83, and the incidence rate at which they developed acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) between then and May 1988 was evaluated. Overall, 21 of 68 (30.9%) cases progressed to AIDS, with a yearly progression rate of 4-9%. The predictive value of urinary neopterin concentrations was higher (P = 0.0042) than that of CD4+ T-cell counts (P = 0.015) or the CD4+/CD8+ T-cell ratio (P = 0.022). Counts of CD8+ T-cells failed to show predictive significance (P = 0.29). Similarly, multivariate-regression analysis indicated that neopterin concentrations and CD4+ T-cell numbers were significant copredictors. Produced by human macrophages activated by interferon gamma, neopterin is thus a marker of macrophage activation via T cells. We conclude that these data demonstrate a correlation between the amount of T-cell-macrophage activation, as measured by urinary neopterin concentrations, and the progression of the disease.
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PMID:Neopterin as a predictive marker for disease progression in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection. 240 41

We studied 20 patients on long-term hemodialysis. Concentrations of neopterin and creatinine were quantified in serum and in exchange buffers before, during and after treatment sessions. Neopterin is a low molecular weight product released by human macrophages upon stimulation with interferon gamma. It permits the quantification of the level of cellular immune activation in vivo. Neopterin and neopterin/creatinine ratios were found to be significantly increased in all patients. When comparing 15 patients treated with acetate exchange fluid buffers versus 5 patients treated with hydrogencarbonate, neopterin levels did not differ. Statistical computations revealed that the length of time on dialysis contributed to the increase of neopterin concentrations. Higher grade of cellular immune activation was preferentially detectable in those patients who had been on dialysis for more than 1 year. The demonstrated state of enhanced immune activation in dialysis patients might also help to explain accelerated development of AIDS in dialysis patients when infected with HIV.
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PMID:Neopterin levels in long-term hemodialysis. 285 Aug 78

The degree of clinical severity in human immunodeficiency virus infected patients, ranging from asymptomatic seropositive subjects to acquired immune deficiency syndrome, as well as in individuals at risk was assessed in relation to: (1) T-cell subset balance and expression of markers of T-cell activation; (2) natural killer activity; and (3) interferon gamma production. A decrease in the CD4/CD8 (helper/suppressor) ratio and an increase in the percentage of CD8+ (suppressor/cytotoxic) cells coexpressing markers of activation (HLA-DR or CD25) were closely correlated with the clinical severity of the human immunodeficiency virus infection. Natural killer activity was significantly impaired in patients with acquired immune deficiency syndrome and acquired immune deficiency syndrome-related complex but normal in asymptomatic seropositive individuals and subjects at risk. Interferon gamma production, either in response to mitogens or the antigens from infectious agents commonly affecting human immunodeficiency virus-positive individuals, was decreased in patients with acquired immune deficiency syndrome or acquired immune deficiency syndrome-related complex, with lesser involvement in human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive subjects or individuals at risk. Four of the six persons in the last group seroconverted during the ten months subsequent to evaluation of their immune status. Since production of interferon gamma was diminished in these patients while other assays of immunity were normal, measurement of this lymphokine may be a useful determinant of infection with the human immunodeficiency virus.
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PMID:Diminished interferon gamma production may be the earliest indicator of infection with the human immunodeficiency virus. 297 56

Six patients with the acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) had exacerbations or recurrences of previously quiescent atopic disease when they developed immunodeficiency. Four developed a different atopic illness from that suffered previously. Atopic symptoms developed within three months after the patients developed AIDS or during prodromal illness. Two of the patients were treated with recombinant interferon gamma: both showed a striking improvement in symptoms and cellular immunity. These results indicate that cellular immunity, through interferon gamma, may have a role in regulating atopic disease.
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PMID:Atopic manifestations in the acquired immune deficiency syndrome: response to recombinant interferon gamma. 310 72

To fully characterize the relationship between the clinical manifestations of human immunodeficiency virus infection and T4+ cell defects, we determined T4+ cell number and interferon gamma (IFN-gamma) production in 238 patients. For asymptomatic homosexuals, patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)-related complex (ARC), and patients with fully established AIDS, clinical status correlated linearly with both T4+ cell number and T4+ cell-derived (antigen-stimulated) IFN-gamma secretion. For asymptomatic homosexuals, abnormalities in T4+ cell number and IFN-gamma generation were similar irrespective of human immunodeficiency virus seropositivity. For patients with ARC, those with lymphadenopathy (LA) alone or LA plus zoster or thrombocytopenia displayed T4+ cell defects similar to those observed in asymptomatic homosexuals. Patients with ARC with LA plus constitutional symptoms and/or oral thrush, however, had fewer T4+ cells, were strikingly more deficient in IFN-gamma production, and closely resembled those with AIDS. Among patients with AIDS, certain individuals with Kaposi's sarcoma (KS) alone were sufficiently less cytopenic and less immunodeficient than patients with opportunistic infections (Ols) to suggest that the immune impairment that predisposes to KS may differ. At the time patients with KS developed Ols, however, T4+ cell number and IFN-gamma-generating capacity had declined to the remarkably low levels observed in virtually all patients with Ols alone.
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PMID:T4+ cell production of interferon gamma and the clinical spectrum of patients at risk for and with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. 256 1

In a longitudinal study, we examined 183 parenteral drug addicts who were imprisoned in Innsbruck, Austria, from March 1985 to March 1987. Thirty-seven percent of the patients had anti-HIV-antibodies. A 2-year follow-up of 43 seropositive patients revealed some evidence that urinary neopterin levels are of predictive value. Neopterin is produced from human macrophages upon stimulation with interferon gamma and, therefore, represents a sensitive parameter of activated T-cells. Eight patients who developed AIDS-related complex and one of them who contracted AIDS had significantly higher neopterin levels during the previous follow-up than the other groups of patients. Our data support the view that T-cell activation might be a crucial event in the induction of HIV reproduction in vivo.
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PMID:Is T-cell activation an unfavourable sign in i.v.-drug addicts infected with HIV? 326 96

The toxicity of recombinant Interleukin-2 (IL-2) was studied in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) or persistent lymphadenopathy syndrome (LAS). Increasing doses of the drug from 10(3) Units/m2 to 10(6) U/m2 were given as an intravenous bolus injection. At the high-dose levels some minor effects, such as fever up to 39.5 degrees C, chills, malaise or vomiting, were observed. The administration of 10(6) U/m2 as a 4-hour infusion showed identical results. No particular alterations of laboratory parameters were found. At the high-dose level the serum concentration of neopterin, which is released from macrophages after interferon gamma stimulation, was significantly (p less than 0.001) elevated above pretreatment levels. The clinical observation of daily infusions of 10(6)/m2 for 14 days revealed the same side effects. All patients developed lymphocytosis and eosinophilia. Two patients had suffered from severe diarrhoea for several weeks presumably due to cryptosporidiosis. In both cases diarrhoea ceased under the treatment with IL-2 and did not occur in the following two months.
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PMID:Preliminary clinical observations with recombinant interleukin-2 in patients with AIDS or LAS. 387 44

We measured serum interferon (IFN) levels and leukocyte IFN production in vitro in homosexual men with AIDS or generalized lymphadenopathy and in asymptomatic homosexual or heterosexual men. Acid-labile interferon alpha was detected in the serum of two patients with AIDS and in three out of nine patients with lymphadenopathy, but not in the sera of healthy homosexual or heterosexual controls. The presence of serum interferon in patients with AIDS or lymphadenopathy was correlated with a marked deficiency of their leukocytes to synthesize interferon alpha in response to viruses or tumor cells, but did not significantly interfere with the production of interferon gamma in response to lectin or bacterial enterotoxin. Our results suggest an inverse correlation between serum interferon alpha and the amount of interferon alpha produced in leukocyte cultures in male homosexuals with AIDS or generalized lymphadenopathy.
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PMID:Interferon production in male homosexuals with the acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) or generalized lymphadenopathy. 620 51

Recent research indicates that the proopiomelanocortin derivative alpha-melanocyte stimulating hormone (alpha-MSH) is a significant modulator of host reactions including fever and inflammation. Although the precise mechanism of action is still unknown, cytokine antagonism is believed to be responsible for at least a part of its anti-inflammatory/antipyretic influence: alpha-MSH antagonizes pyrogenic and proinflammatory effects of cytokines such as interleukin-1 (IL-1), interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor (TNF), and interferon gamma (IFN gamma). Although it is clear that the peptide can act within the brain to inhibit fever and peripheral inflammation, an anti-inflammatory effect on a peripheral target was evidenced in animals with transection of the spinal cord. Recent data show that alpha-MSH is significant also in human disorders such as AIDS, rheumatoid arthritis, and myocardial infarction. This molecule is believed to be a key factor in neuroimmunomodulation and it may be useful as a therapeutic agent in control of inflammatory reactions.
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PMID:The neuropeptide alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone: a key component of neuroimmunomodulation. 748 26

Dehydration-rehydration liposome vesicles (DRVs) containing various cytokines were evaluated for their ability to induce delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) and humoral immunity to the recombinant envelope protein rgp120 of the MN strain of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1). The DRVs trapped approximately 25% of the radiolabeled cytokines and approximately 17% of the radiolabeled rgp120 that were added. The level of trapping was greater than the aqueous volume of the DRVs, indicating association of the proteins with the lipid bilayer. Flow cytometric analysis using antibody to rgp120 or the V3 loop of rgp120 showed the diameter of the DRVs to be 2-7.5 microns. Transmission electron microscopy confirmed the heterogeneity in size of the DRVs and revealed morphological heterogeneity. Transmission electron microscopy with immunogold labeling also revealed the presence of rgp120 on the surface of the DRVs. In vitro bioassays demonstrated slow leakage of biologically active cytokines from DRVs soaked in tissue culture medium containing serum. Mice injected subcutaneously three times at 14-day intervals with DRVs containing 15 micrograms of rgp120 plus interleukin 6 (IL-6) or interferon gamma (IFN-gamma) produced significantly greater DTH responses than mice injected with DRVs containing rgp120 alone. Soluble rgp120 plus soluble IFN-gamma produced DTH in some experiments, but of lower magnitude than the comparable DRVs. Interleukin 6, but not IFN-gamma, increased the antibody titer to rgp120 when included in the DRVs. The mice did not develop antibodies to IFN-gamma or IL-6. Induction of DTH by vaccines may increase protection from viral pathogens such as HIV. Cytokine-containing liposomes may be an effective adjuvant for the induction of a DTH response to envelope-antigen subunit vaccines.
AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 1995 Aug
PMID:Cytokine-containing liposomes as adjuvants for HIV subunit vaccines. 749 39


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