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Query: UMLS:C0001175 (AIDS)
 120,706 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

T cell-mediated immunity has been shown to play an important role in the host defense to Cryptococcus neoformans. Infections due to C. neoformans are increased in patients with AIDS who are deficient in the CD4+ subset of T lymphocytes. Thus, the effect of CD4+ (L3T4+) lymphocyte depletion on murine host defenses to C. neoformans was studied. The mAb GK 1.5 was administered to mice, and CD4+ T lymphocyte depletion was confirmed by the analysis of T cell subsets in blood, spleen, lymph node, and lung. Evidence of a functional defect was confirmed by demonstrating that the splenocytes of treated mice were unable to proliferate in response to class II incompatible spleen cells. Furthermore, delayed type hypersensitivity to C. neoformans was abrogated by CD4+ lymphocyte depletion. Mice depleted of CD4+ lymphocytes were inoculated with a virulent strain of C. neoformans by the i.v. or the intratracheal route. After i.v. inoculation of C. neoformans, the survival of mice depleted of CD4+ lymphocytes was reduced (27.8 +/- 1.8 vs 36.0 +/- 3.1 days, p less than 0.04). After intratracheal inoculation, C. neoformans disseminated from the lung to extrapulmonary organs. Dissemination occurred earlier in mice depleted of CD4+ lymphocytes compared to mice that received control antibody, and the burden of C. neoformans in extrapulmonary organs was greater in mice depleted of CD4+ lymphocytes than control mice. Surprisingly, there was no increase in the burden of C. neoformans in the lungs of CD4+ lymphocyte-depleted mice. Survival of mice inoculated with C. neoformans and depleted of CD4+ lymphocytes was reduced compared to control mice and was related to the increased rate of accumulation of organisms in the brains of treated mice. The mean survival of GK 1.5-treated mice was 34.1 +/- 0.9 days compared to control mice with a mean survival of 40.6 +/- 9 days (p less than 0.001). These data suggest that CD4+ lymphocytes play a prominent role in the host defense of infections due to C. neoformans, that CD4+ lymphocytes are required in extrapulmonary organs for optimal clearance of C. neoformans and that CD4+ lymphocytes are critical for survival of mice infected with C. neoformans.
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PMID:Depletion of CD4+ (L3T4+) lymphocytes in vivo impairs murine host defense to Cryptococcus neoformans. 196 80

Infection with HIV causes a reduction in the numbers and function of CD4+ lymphocytes and functional abnormalities of other cells. We have studied the effect of HIV infection on signal transduction in the H9 lymphoblastoid CD4+ cell line. Resting HIV-infected H9 cells show evidence of chronic activation with raised levels of InsP3 and InsP4, the active metabolites of the inositol polyphosphate pathway, and a consequently raised intracellular free calcium concentration. Stimulation of HIV-infected H9 cells with phytohemagglutinin (PHA) leads to a fall in the previously raised levels of InsP3 but a further rise in InsP4, whilst an attenuated intracellular calcium rise is seen with both PHA and anti-CD3 antibody. The observed effects of HIV infection on signal transduction provide a mechanism to explain the functional defects in CD4+ lymphocytes and, possibly, other cell types.
AIDS 1990 Jan
PMID:HIV infection of H9 lymphoblastoid cells chronically activates the inositol polyphosphate pathway. 196 81

40 adults with symptomatic HIV-1 infection (AIDS related complex [ARC] WR 2B-4B or AIDS WR 5-6) were randomized into two groups, receiving either 200 mg of an i.v. immunoglobulin preparation (ivIg)/kg body weight every other week or no such treatment. Medical care and antibiotic therapy were comparable in the two groups. Frequency of opportunistic infections, "B"-symptoms, number of T-helper cells, change of disease stage (Walter Reed Classification, WR), delayed cutaneous hypersensitivity, onset and clinical course of Kaposi's sarcoma, neurological manifestations and proportion of patients alive at the end of the observation period were evaluated. After an average observation period of 13.8 months, decreased mortality was observed in ivIg treated patients of WR 5-6 (p less than 0.004). Frequency and microbial spectrum of opportunistic infections, the most frequent cause of death, were not influenced significantly by ivIg treatment. No statistically relevant differences concerning the other parameters were observed. A similar beneficial effect of ivIg in WR 2B-4 patients has not become apparent so far.
Infection
PMID:Efficacy of intravenous immunoglobulins in patients with advanced HIV-1 infection. A randomized clinical study. 197 May 52

Some strains of mice inoculated with LP-BM5 murine leukemia virus (MuLV) develop a syndrome, termed mouse acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (MAIDS), characterized by progressive lymphoproliferation and profound immunodeficiency. LP-BM5 MuLV is a virus mixture that contains ecotropic (eco) and mink cell focus-induced MuLV and a defective genome that is the proximal cause of disease. Flow cytometry analyses of spleen and lymph nodes from susceptible C57BL/6 mice infected with this virus mixture revealed the presence in spleen and peripheral lymph nodes of a previously unrecognized subset of CD4+CD3+ T cells that are Thy-1-. The frequency of these cells increased with progression of disease, eventually comprising between 30% and 50% of all CD4+ cells. Infection of A/J mice, a strain which is genetically resistant to development of MAIDS, did not induce an increase of this T cell population, indicating that infection with the virus mixture was insufficient to induce its proliferation. A central role for the defective virus in this process was suggested by the finding that C57BL/6 mice infected with LP-BM5 eco alone did not have increased frequencies of Thy-1-CD4+ cells in spleen. Studies of spleen and peripheral lymph node cells from normal mice demonstrated the presence of Thy-1-CD4+ cells at frequencies of 1%-2%. Studies using two anti-T cell monoclonal antibodies, SM6C10 and SM3G11, that define four CD4+ subsets showed that Thy-1-CD4+ T cells from normal and infected mice were present only in the 6C10- subsets.
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PMID:A unique subset of normal murine CD4+ T cells lacking Thy-1 is expanded in a murine retrovirus-induced immunodeficiency syndrome, MAIDS. 198 Jan 14

Patients with the acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) frequently develop hepatic dysfunction. Although hepatic injury may indirectly result from malnutrition, hypotension, administered medications, sepsis, or other conditions, the hepatic injury is frequently due to opportunistic hepatic infection, directly related to AIDS. Infection with Mycobacterium avium intracellulare typically occurs in patients with advanced immunocompromise and with systemic symptoms due to widely disseminated infection. In contrast, hepatic tuberculosis often occurs with less advanced immunocompromise. Cytomegaloviral infection may produce a hepatitis. Cytomegaloviral and cryptosporidial infections have been implicated as causes of acalculous cholecystitis and of a secondary sclerosing cholangitis. About 10-20% of patients with AIDS have chronic hepatitis B infection. These patients tend to develop minimal hepatic inflammation and necrosis. The clinical findings in patients with hepatic cryptococcal infection are usually due to concomitant extrahepatic infection. Hepatic histoplasmosis usually develops as part of a widely disseminated infection with systemic symptoms. Hepatic involvement by Kaposi's sarcoma is rarely documented ante mortem because an unguided liver biopsy is an insensitive diagnostic procedure. Patients with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma of the liver typically have lymphadenopathy, hepatomegaly, and systemic symptoms. As a pragmatic approach, patients with liver dysfunction and HIV-related disease should have a sonographic or computerized tomographic examination of the liver. Patients with dilated bile ducts should undergo endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography because opportunistic infection may produce biliary obstruction. Patients with a focal hepatic lesion should be considered for a guided liver biopsy. Patients with a significantly elevated serum alkaline phosphatase level should be considered for a percutaneous liver biopsy. When performed for these indications, liver biopsy will demonstrate a significant disease involving the liver in about 50% of patients with AIDS and in about 25% of patients who are HIV seropositive but who are not known to have AIDS. The clinical impact of a diagnostic biopsy is blunted by a lack of efficacious therapy for many opportunistic infections.
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PMID:Hepatobiliary manifestations of the acquired immune deficiency syndrome. 198 33

Unremitting diarrhea with malabsorption is associated with Cryptosporidium parvum infection of the small intestine in patients with AIDS. The lack of a well-defined in vitro model of C. parvum infection has severely hampered research into the biology of cryptosporidial invasion of the host epithelial cell and development of new pharmacologic and immunologic therapies. The adherent human intestinal epithelial cell line HT29 when grown in glucose-free medium develops morphologic and functional characteristics of the small intestine enterocyte and was used to develop an in vitro model of infection. Cryptosporidium oocysts obtained from AIDS patients were applied to a monolayer of cloned, differentiated HT29.74 cells. Cells were fixed and stained to estimate the degree of parasite infection. Schizonts were easily distinguished from the host cell by light microscopy. Twenty-four hours after 10(5) oocysts were added to approximately 10(6) HT29.74 cells, Cryptosporidium infection rates varied from 50 to 120 schizonts per 1,000 cells. Among 14 different experiments, the mean infection rate was 91 (+/- 18) schizonts per 1,000 cells. Electron microscopy at 6 and 24 h confirmed intracellular localization and development of schizonts. The morphologic features of the cryptosporidial schizonts within HT29.74 cells, which included the presence of a dense band and feeder layer, were identical to those described during cryptosporidial infection of human enterocytes in patients with AIDS. Fewer schizonts were observed at 5 days and beyond. Infection of differentiated HT29.74 cells (62 and 65 schizonts per 1,000 cells at 24 and 72 h, respectively) was over five times more efficient than infection of undifferentiated HT29.74 cells (9 and 5 schizonts per 1,000 cells at 24 and 72 h, respectively). In vitro infection of differentiated HT29.74 cells will allow a better understanding of the mechanisms by which C. parvum infects the small intestinal epithelium and will allow a systematic evaluation of new therapeutic agents.
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PMID:Asexual development of Cryptosporidium parvum within a differentiated human enterocyte cell line. 198 37

AIDS in adolescents (0.4% of all cases) is a problem of increasing importance in the United States. Infection with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) exists in high schools and on university campuses, and it presents a real and immediate threat to teenaged Americans who engage in drug abuse and sexual activity. Appropriately targeted educational efforts are needed to limit HIV transmission among adolescents. Most adolescents are aware of the high-risk activities that may lead to HIV transmission. However, only about one third alter their sexual behavior to avoid AIDS. It is important to move beyond imparting knowledge about AIDS transmission and to move toward changing risky behavior. Strategies for AIDS risk reduction in adolescents should be implemented now across the country. Appropriate support and intervention are urgently needed for adolescents at high risk.
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PMID:AIDS and adolescents. How can you help them reduce their risk? 199 57

Infection of T-lymphocytes and macrophages by human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is mediated by the binding of the HIV envelope glycoprotein to the cell-surface receptor glycoprotein CD4. A soluble, recombinant CD4 molecule (rCD4), produced by expression of a truncated CD4 gene in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells [Smith et al. (1987) Science 238, 1704-1707], is in clinical trials as a potential therapeutic agent in the treatment of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). In the present study, the structures of the Asn-linked oligosaccharides of soluble rCD4 have been elucidated. The rCD4 molecule has two potential sites for N-glycosylation, Asn-271 and Asn-300. Tryptic glycopeptides containing either of the sites were purified by reversed-phase HPLC, and their oligosaccharides were released enzymatically. The structures of the oligosaccharides were determined by methylation analysis, high-pH anion-exchange chromatography, fast-atom bombardment mass spectrometry, and 1H NMR spectroscopy at 500 MHz. Asn-271 was found to carry diantennary N-acetyllactosamine-type ("complex") oligosaccharides, of which 8% were asialo, 55% were monosialyl, and 37% were disialyl. Approximately 18% of these structures contained fucose alpha(1-->6) linked to the reducing GlcNAc residue. Two different hybrid structures were found to account for 34% of the oligosaccharides attached to Asn-300. The remainder of the oligosaccharides attached to Asn-300 were diantennary N-acetyllactosamine-type, of which 10% were asialo, 61% were monosialyl, and 29% were disialyl. Approximately 9% of the hybrid structures and 40% of the N-acetyllactosamine structures at Asn-300 were found to contain fucose alpha(1-->6) linked to the innermost GlcNAc residue.
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PMID:Carbohydrate structures of recombinant soluble human CD4 expressed in Chinese hamster ovary cells. 200 69

Incubation of normal human nonadherent and T-cell-depleted bone marrow cells with HIVIIIB at multiplicities of infection (MOI) ranging from 0.0001:1 to 1:1 reverse transcriptase (RT) units resulted in the dose-dependent suppression of the in vitro growth of erythroid burst-forming unit (BFU-E), granulocyte-macrophage (CFU-GM), and T-lymphocyte (CFU-TL) colonies of progenitor cells. Maximum inhibition of colony formation was observed at a 1:1 ratio of virus to bone marrow cells. At this MOI, BFU-E and CFU-GM colonies were inhibited by 60 to 80%, while CFU-TL colonies were totally suppressed. Inhibition of colony formation was also observed at an MOI of 0.1:1 but not with further log dilutions of the virus. Incubation of the virus with antibody to gp160 resulted in the complete reversal of stem cell suppression and the normalization of colony growth in vitro. For BFU-E and CFU-GM colonies, this reversal was observed with dilutions of antibody up to 1:100 and was no longer observed at titers greater than 1:500. The CFU-TL colony number normalized at titers between 1:10 and 1:50. Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) also suppressed by 50% the growth of colonies derived from CD34+ stem cell fractions. Infection of CD34+ cells and T-cell-depleted, nonadherent cell fractions was demonstrated by detection with HIV-specific DNA probe following amplification by polymerase chain reaction. The results suggest that HIV can directly infect human bone marrow progenitor cells and affect their ability to proliferate and give rise to colonies in vitro. The results indicate a direct role for the virus in bone marrow suppression and a possible mechanism for the cytopenias observed in patients with AIDS.
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PMID:In vitro suppression of normal human bone marrow progenitor cells by human immunodeficiency virus. 200 42

Infection with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) may cause a variety of oral lesions, such as candidiasis, periodontal disease, hairy leukoplakia, Kaposi's sarcoma and a number of miscellaneous lesions and conditions. One hundred HIV-infected patients, including AIDS patients, referred to a University Hospital in Amsterdam, were examined orally. Most patients were initially seen by the Department of Internal Medicine, the oral examination by a well-trained dentist being part of the routine screening of all HIV-infected patients. In 80 per cent of all patients one or more HIV-related lesions of the oral mucosa was recorded. In 6 per cent of those patients the oral lesion was the first manifestation of the HIV infection. Hairy leukoplakia was observed in 15 per cent of all patients. Candidiasis proved to be the most common oral disease. In patients with full-blown AIDS the pseudomembranous form of candidiasis was the most common one, while in HIV-infected patients the erythematous type prevailed. These results emphasize the role of the dentist in making an early diagnosis of HIV infection.
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PMID:Oral manifestations of AIDS: an overview. 200 36


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