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Query: UMLS:C0001175 (AIDS)
 120,706 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

A performance feedback procedure was used to increase glove wearing by nurses in a hospital emergency room in situations in which contact with body fluids was highly likely. Infection-control nurses provided biweekly performance feedback to staff nurses on an individual private basis to inform them of the percentage of contact opportunities in which they wore gloves. Observations made prior to (baseline) and during feedback in a multiple baseline design across 4 subjects indicated that substantial increases in glove wearing in target situations occurred after implementation of the feedback program and that increases occurred across most of the specific situations in which glove wearing was advised. Percentage increases in glove wearing ranged from 22% to 49% across subjects. The results are discussed in terms of prevention of acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) by use of universal precautions.
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PMID:AIDS prevention: improving nurses' compliance with glove wearing through performance feedback. 179 74

Infection control has long been a concern for dentistry but attention has been placed on it internationally by all health disciplines, prompted by the AIDS/HIV pandemic. Guidelines to eliminate cross-transmission of infectious pathogens in the dental health care setting have been established by the FDI and many national and private dental organizations. However, getting providers to comply with guidelines is a difficult task. Education, peer and social pressure, regulation and litigation are some of the factors which influence compliance. Chief dental officers can either act as a liaison among the various organized dental groups in their country or they may be the primary spokesperson for dental health. In either case, they need to champion the cause for infection control standards. They need to be flexible in establishing guidelines to fit individual circumstances, base recommendations on available resources, and be sensitive to the powerful social, political, and psychological forces behind the public and professional response to the AIDS pandemic.
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PMID:Dental public health and infection control in industrialized and developing countries. 180 Mar 84

Infection with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) results in severe damage to the immune system and consequent disease (AIDS) after a long and variable incubation period (on average 8-10 years). Why the incubation period should be so long is a puzzle. We outline an explanation based on the dynamics of the interplay between the immune response and antigenic variation in the virus population. The essential idea is that AIDS results when the diversity of antigenic variants of HIV in an infected patient exceeds some threshold, beyond which the immune system can no longer cope. The paper develops a simple mathematical model for this process, based on experimental observations, and explores several ramifications.
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PMID:Mathematical biology of HIV infections: antigenic variation and diversity threshold. 180 71

Infection of Human organism by Human Immunodeficiency viruses induces, after a shorter or a longer period, a complex immune Deficiency (ID) that has been named Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS). Although the designation is not correct, it has been accepted by the scientific community. AIDS includes multiple clinical situations that have in common HIV infection and an almost constant ID, that at the end of natural course of infection manifestated by the presence of opportunistic infections and malignant tumors. HIV-1 and HIV-2 are slow RNA viruses with a common architecture and well known genomic organization. The characteristics that made HIV infectious agent n. 1 in XXth Century are their remarkable heterogeneity, close AA sequence homology between some of their proteins and relevant molecules in human beings: MHC molecules, IL-2, VIP, etc. and a strong affinity of gp 120 to CD4 receptor of T helper lymphocytes (T4), mononuclear phagocytes, natural killer cells, etc. all of them sharing a relevant role in normal immune response (IR). Affected in its cornerstones of cellular defense, human organism starts an immune defense through antibodies, cytotoxic T Lymphocytes (CTL) Natural Killer Cells (NK) antibody dependent cell cytotoxicity (ADCC), that fails. Activating immune system HIV turn that defense strategy to their own profit and enhanced replication. After an apparent latency period--in which the balance seems to favor the host--new viral variants arise due to high rate of HIV mutagenesis, that in turn stimulate immune system, induce new cycles of viral replication and new high virulent mutants, leading to the final collapse of Immune System.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:[Immunologic aspects of HIV infection]. 180 34

Mucormycosis is a rare opportunistic fungal infection of immunosuppressed patients. We describe here 5 cases of mucormycosis: three with facial and eye involvement, one with lung involvement and one affecting skin and joints. All five patients had underlying diseases: diabetes, leukemia, lymphoma, neoplasia and AIDS. Four patients were treated with amphotericin B and also with surgical debridement. Infection could be controlled only in two patients. Both survived but with major sequelae. In two additional patients, death was directly related to the infection and the remaining patient was lost to follow-up.
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PMID:[Infection by Mucorales fungi]. 180 50

We observed an atypical Pneumocystis infection with spontaneous pneumothorax, bronchopleural fistulae, an apical cyst and Pneumocystis pleuritis after aerosolized pentamidine prophylaxis in an AIDS patient. These findings suggest a failure of pentamidine aerosol in controlling active Pneumocystis infection in peripheral pulmonary areas. A relapse of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP) must be suspected when pneumothorax occurs during secondary prophylaxis with aerosolized pentamidine. It should always be confirmed by bronchoalveolar lavage or transbronchial or open biopsy. Cases presenting as atypical Pneumocystis pneumonia may additionally reveal extrapulmonary dissemination of Pneumocystis infection.
Infection
PMID:Pneumocystis carinii pleuropneumonia after aerosolized pentamidine prophylaxis. 181 16

Pyomyositis is an acute bacterial infection of striated muscle. It is common in the tropics, but rarely reported in temperate climates. We present two cases in patients with the acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS), one an active homosexual, and one an intravenous drug user. A brief review of the clinical findings and diagnostic procedures is included. We conclude that pyomyositis should be included in the list of locations of pyogenic infections that can occur in AIDS patients.
Infection
PMID:Spontaneous pyomyositis and AIDS: an infrequent association. 181 15

A rat model is described in which animals develop respiratory cryptosporidiosis, a disease which is well documented in immunocompromised patients, especially those with AIDS. Our present lack of knowledge of the pathophysiology and immunology of Cryptosporidium parvum respiratory infections warrants the development of a laboratory animal model. Lewis rats immunosuppressed by subcutaneous injection of methylprednisolone acetate and inoculated intratracheally with 10(6) C. parvum oocysts developed a reproducible infection consisting of all known developmental stages in the epithelium lining airways from the trachea to the terminal bronchioles. Developmental stages were morphologically indistinguishable from those seen in gut epithelium. Infections were apparent at 4 days post-inoculation, and at 10-14 days post-inoculation, rats exhibited respiratory distress and severe weight loss and had enlarged, elastic lungs. Increased mucus production and exfoliative necrosis of the epithelium resulted in accumulation of large amounts of mucocellular exudate throughout the airways and patchy alveolitis involving alveoli emerging from respiratory bronchioles.
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PMID:An immunosuppressed rat model of respiratory cryptosporidiosis. 181 28

The magnitude and scope of the HIV/AIDS epidemic are increasing in Africa. In Central and East Africa, the first regions of Africa to identify AIDS as a major problem, HIV infection is not limited to individuals in formerly identified high-risk groups. Infection is instead spreading from such groups to and through the general population. HIV infection is also emerging as a threat in regions of Africa previously thought to be relatively unaffected. As such, the World Health Organization estimates that AIDS will add more than 40% to annual death rates for adults aged 15-49 years in sub-Saharan Africa by the mid-1990s, and will reverse declining trends in both child and adult mortality rates. AIDS in Africa affects entire families and communities. More than any other disease, heterosexually-transmitted AIDS is critically influenced by changing African family patterns and structures. The family in Africa has traditionally been the major structure responsible for caring for individual health and well-being given the dearth of effective government social welfare systems to provide support. The widespread AIDS-related morbidity and mortality, however, are threatening the integrity and viability of African families in many AIDS-affected areas. Moreover, the stigma associated with AIDS often isolates family units as they try to cope with an AIDS-affected family member. This article discusses the relationships between familial economic pressures, women's status, and HIV transmission; describes the direct and indirect effects of AIDS on children in African families; and calls for a community-based approach to combatting AIDS.
AIDS 1991
PMID:The African family and AIDS: a current look at the epidemic. 184 56

AIDS cases are officially reported to the World Health Organization (WHO) Global Program on AIDS (GPA) in Geneva, Switzerland, from member states via WHO's regional offices. This paper presents regional estimates of HIV/AIDS. Estimates of the annual number of AIDS cases which may have occurred were derived from the use of an AIDS estimation and short-term projection model developed by WHO. Estimates of HIV seroprevalence are based upon then available HIV serological data. For developed countries, HIV estimates developed by national experts and/or national AIDS programs were used, while estimates by regional experts were used for Latin America and the Caribbean. An extensive HIV information database, comprised of data from approximately 1000 published and unpublished reports of HIV serological surveys and studies, was used to estimate the HIV prevalence in African countries. For Asian and Pacific countries, an HIV database compiled by WHO was used. As of the end of 1991, 446,681 cases of AIDS had been reported to WHO/GPA. WHO, however, estimates 1,475,000 cumulative adult AIDS cases for the same period. The cumulative number of reported and estimated adult AIDS cases are reported, respectively, as follows: 129,066 actual and 970,000 estimated cases for Africa; 208,089 and 260,000 for North America; 44,888 and 145,000 for Latin America; 60,195 and 85,000 for Europe; 1254 and 10,000 for Asia; and 3189 and 5000 for Oceania. The highest estimated prevalence of HIV infections is in sub-Saharan Africa where more than 6 million adults may have been infected. Approximately one million HIV infections are estimated to have occurred in North America, more than one million in Latin America and the Caribbean, 500,000 in Western Europe, and more than one million in South and Southeast Asia. Most other areas are believed to have relatively low levels of HIV infection as of the end of 1991. The estimated male-to-female proportion of infected adults is almost equal or rapidly becoming so in Africa, Asia, and Latin America, while an higher male-to-female proportion continues to exist in North America and Western Europe, although the proportion of new HIV infections is slowly approaching one-to-one as heterosexual transmission increases in regional countries. In North America and Western Europe, the annual incidence of HIV infections is believed to have peaked during the first half of the 1980s. The annual incidence of HIV infection in the US since the mid-1980s is estimated to be 50,000. Annual incidence is believed to be increasing in sub-Saharan Africa, Latin America and the Caribbean. In Asia, extensive HIV transmission has been documented in only a few countries in South and Southeast Asia, such as India and Thailand, starting in the late 1980s. Infection has spread rapidly since then.
AIDS 1991
PMID:Global estimates of HIV infections and AIDS cases: 1991. 184 61


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