Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0000737 (abdominal pain)
 31,184 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Following successful Phase II clinical studies with praziquantel (2-cyclohexylcarbonyl-1,2,3,6,7,11b-hexahydro-4H-pyrazino [2,1-a]isoquinolin-4-one, EMBAY 8440, Biltricide), expanded field trials of Phase III were conducted in Mindoro Oriental, Leyte and Davao Norte, to reassess efficacy, safety and acceptability of the drug on a larger scale. A total of 6,134 cases were treated with the best tolerated and effective dose of 60 mg/kg bwt which for practical purposes was given in 2 instead of 3 divided doses as applied in the earlier trials. Two aliquots of one stool from each individual were examined quantitatively by a modification of the thick smear method one week before, six and twelve months after treatment. Although 67.8% were noted to have drug-related side effects, most were mild to moderate, with only 1.2% considered as severe. Severe reactions consisted mainly of colicky abdominal pain, occurring about 1 h after drug intake, usually accompanied by fever, sweating, urge to defecate, and occasionally by discharge of bloody stool. These reactions, however, required only symptomatic treatment with antispasmodics and antipyretics. Stool follow-up 6 months after treatment showed 89.2% of EPG (eggs per gram of faeces) negativity, with an overall egg reduction of 91.1%. Twelve months after treatment, practically the same results were obtained with 87.5% still negative cases and an egg reduction of 90.5%. This study confirms safety and efficacy of the drug as well as its acceptability when given on a community wide scale.
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PMID:Phase III clinical trials with praziquantel in S. japonicum infections in the Philippines. 639 6

Praziquantel (2-cyclohexylcarbonyl-1,2,3,6,7,11b-hexahydro-4H-pyrazino[2,1-a]++ +isoquinolin- 4-one, EMBAY 8440, Biltricide) has been used in 4853 patients with Opisthorchis viverrini infection. 786 patients were treated as inpatients with extensive clinical evaluation and the rest were out-patients. A cure rate (evaluated with 5 faecal samples) of 100% was obtained in groups given 6 X 25 mg/kg on 2 days and 3 X 25 mg/kg on 1 day, while in groups given 2 X 25 mg/kg, 1 X 25 mg/kg and 1 X 40 mg/kg all on 1 day the cure rates were 88, 44 and 91%, respectively. With one sample evaluation the parasitological cure rate was 96% in further 96 patients excreting the geometric mean (GM) of 5394 eggs per gram (EPG) and receiving 1 X 40 mg/kg. Another 68 patients with an egg output of 26044 (GM/EPG) and treated with 1 X 50 mg/kg showed a cure rate of 97% by similar evaluation. Side effects were mild and transient and were more frequent in higher dosage groups. They included anorexia, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, epigastric pain, rumbling in the abdomen, diarrhoea, lassitude, myalgia, headache, dizziness, sleeplessness, sleepiness, "hot sensation", shortness of breath, and skin rash in a few cases. Headache (30.7%) was most common in the 6 X 25 mg/kg group. In 53 patients with severe jaundice the side effects were similar. There was no evidence of toxicity. Remarkable was one patient treated with 1 X 50 mg/kg who expelled 5636 O. viverrini worms, most of which were elongated and damaged. When a single dose is prescribed it should be given at bed time to reduce the side effect of sedation.
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PMID:Opisthorchis viverrini: clinical experience with praziquantel in Hospital for Tropical Diseases. 654 86

Six species of Paragonimus have been reported in Thailand: P. siamensis in cat, bandicoot and rat; P. bangkokensis in mongoose; P. harinasutai in cat and dog (experiment); P. macrochis in bandicoot and rat; P. westermani in tiger and P. heterotremus in cat, dog and man. It is interesting to note that in 1965 two immature P. heterotremus worms were recovered for the first time in man, namely in subcutaneous swellings in a boy; in 1981 nine mature P. heterotremus worms were expectorated after praziquantel treatment. P. heterotremus has been postulated to be the main cause of human paragonimiasis in Thailand. The clinical manifestation of paragonimiasis heterotremus is similar to paragonimiasis westermani. In the 1960's and 1970's bithionol was used to treat paragonimiasis, the cure rate was only 50-60%, and side effects including urticaria, rash, abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea and dizziness were common. In the past 4 years, niclofolan and praziquantel (2-cyclohexyl-carbonyl-1,2,3,6,7,11b-hexahydro - 4H - pyrazino [2,1-a]isoquinolin-4-one, EMBAY 8440, Biltricide) have been used. A single dose of 2 mg/kg body weight of niclofolan yielded 100% cure rate. Praziquantel at dosages of 3 X 25 mg/kg body weight daily for one day and two days gave 80% and 100% cure rates, respectively. The eggs disappeared in 2-3 weeks with improvement of symptoms and signs, but radiologically lesions took a few months or more to clear, depending on size and severity. Side effects in the niclofolan group were higher; in the praziquantel group side effects were minimal and no toxic effects were detected.
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PMID:Paragonimus heterotremus and other Paragonimus spp. in Thailand: pathogenesis, clinic and treatment. 654 91

Among 810 parasitologically examined persons (1981) 277 (34%) showed positive findings. The high percentage of parasitisation in foreigners (86%) is to be explained by the in most cases aimed transfer of these patients (215 of the 810 persons). Affection with Schistosoma was recognized in 51 patients at the age of 17-47 years (means = 21.86), without Africans, and stood in the 3rd place of the distribution of frequency of the heterogeneous parasitoses. 49 of these patients came from Mozambique, 1 from Namibia and 1 from Zambia. In 51% S. haematobium was diagnosed, in 22% S. mansoni and in 27% a double infestation with the two forms of parasites. While 80% of the patients with affection of S. haematobium showed clinical symptoms (macrohaematuria, cystitis complaints), there were only 44% among the S. mansoni group. 47 patients were treated with Niridazole (Ambilhar, 25 mg/kg, 5-7 days), 2 patients with Praziquantel (Biltricide, 40 mg/kg, 1 day) and 2 other patients with Praziquantel after unsuccessful Niridazole therapy. Follow-up examinations were performed after 1, 3, 6 and 12 months. In 17% of the patients treated with Niridazole the primary treatment did not lead to cure; side effects (abdominal pain, nausea, vertigo) were observed in 55%. Praziquantel was tolerated very well. During a control period of 1 year living eggs of Schistosoma were no more proved.
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PMID:[Clinical aspects and therapy of schistosomiasis]. 661 96

2-Cyclohexylcarbonyl-1,2,3,6,7,11b-hexahydro-4H-pyrazino [2,1-a]isoquinolin-4-one (praziquantel, EMBAY 8440, Biltricide) was administered to 78 patients aged from 6 to 18 years. They were divided into 3 groups, receiving single doses of 30 mg and 40 mg/kg b.w. and 2 doses of 20 mg/kg b.w. (at an interval of 6 h), respectively. Tolerance examinations showed that 65% of the patients treated did not complain of any side effects. The remaining patients mentioned abdominal pain, headache and/or nausea. All these symptoms disappeared within a few hours without special treatment. Compared with pretreatment results, clinical examinations after treatment did not reveal any significant changes of haematocrit, haemoglobin, transaminases and bilirubin. Follow-up urine examinations were carried out 6 months after treatment in 71 children, of whom 68 were found to be no longer excreting viable eggs of Schistosoma. This corresponds to a parasitological cure rate of 95.8%. In the three patients who were not cured the number of eggs excreted was reduced by 89.2%. No statistically significant difference in efficacy was recorded between the three doses administered. Praziquantel appears to be an effective, well tolerated and easily administrable schistosomicide and thus a favourable contribution to the control of urinary schistosomiasis.
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PMID:[Trial of praziquantel in the treatment of urinary schistosomiasis in Senegal]. 719 48

In Eseka and Edea bilharziasis caused by S. intercalatum is transmitted by B. forskali, the only intermediate host of human schistosomes found in the area. The prevalence of the disease is obtained by calculating the percentage of inhabitants voiding eggs in their stools in the districts of the towns located in the neighbourhood of Bulinus-containing streams and ponds. The prevalence is low, 5,6% in Eseka and 4,9% in Edea. The size and the number of waterbodies where transmission occurs is small. Rectoscopy showed that rectal and sigmoid lesions are frequently seen. Clinical manifestations are abdominal pain, diarrhoea, dysentery, tenesmus, appearance of blood in the stools. Hepatomegaly and splenomegaly occur sometimes. A single dose of 2-cyclohexylcarbonyl-1,2,3,6,7,11b-hexahydro-4H-pyrazino[2,1-a] isoquinolin-4-one (praziquantel, EMBAY 8440, Biltricide) is effective in the treatment of the disease.
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PMID:[Epidemiological study of foci of S. intercalatum schistosomiasis in Eseka and Edea (Cameroon). Effects of treatment with praziquantel]. 719 50

2-Cyclo-hexylcarbonyl-1,2,3,6,7,11b-hexahydro-4H-pyrazino[2,1-a]isoquinolin-4-one (praziquantel, EMBAY 8440, Biltricide), a new schistosomicide, given to subjects with Schistosoma mansoni infections in a single oral dose of 40 mg/kg or 50 mg/kg in 2 divided doses resulted in probable cure rates at 6 months of 74% and 88.1%, respectively. The corresponding reduction in egg excretion of the non-cured cases was 96.9% and 97.3%. Side effects were not severe but included urticaria, loose bowel motions, abdominal pain and sleepiness.
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PMID:Praziquantel: a new schistosomicide against Schistosoma mansoni. 719 52