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Query: UMLS:C0000729 (abdominal cramps)
 531 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Following an episode of water contamination with sewage in a rural Irish town, a community-wide survey of gastrointestinal-associated illness and health service utilization was conducted. Random sampling of households yielded residents who were surveyed using a self-administered questionnaire. Of 560 respondents from 167 (84%) households, equal proportions lived in areas known to have been exposed and unexposed to the contaminated water, although 65% of subjects reported using contaminated water. Sixty-one percent of subjects met the case definition. The most common symptoms among cases were abdominal cramps (80%), diarrhoea (75%), appetite loss (69%), nausea (68%) and tiredness (66%). Mean duration of illness was 7.4 days. Only 22% of cases attended their general practitioner. Drinking unboiled water from the exposed area was strongly associated with being a case. A substantial degree of community illness associated with exposure to contaminated water was observed. The episode ranks as one of the largest reported water-borne outbreaks causing gastrointestinal illness in recent times.
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PMID:Illness in a community associated with an episode of water contamination with sewage. 770 92

Over a six-week period a 60-year-old patient had several unexplained intoxication-like episodes. He finally had severe abdominal cramps with changes in the level of consciousness and oligoanuric renal failure (creatinine 4.7 mg/dl). The history, marked metabolic acidosis (pH 7.15, HCO3- 2.2 mmol/l, pCO2 6.6 mmHg) as well as raised anion residue (43 mmol/l) and the presence of oxalates in urine suggested poisoning by ethylene glycol contained in antifreeze liquid. Intensive haemodialysis adequately eliminated ethylene glycol and its toxic metabolites (glycol aldehyde, glycolic acid). Renal function returned within 10 days, although the concentrating power of the kidney remained impaired for several weeks because of interstitial nephritis. The intoxication had been caused by a defective heating-pipe system from which the antifreeze had leaked into the hot-water boiler (the patient had habitually prepared hot drinks by using water from the hot-water tap). Gas chromatography demonstrated an ethylene glycol concentration of 21 g per litre of water.
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PMID:[Chronic ethylene glycol poisoning]. 848 40

Desmopressin is used for the treatment of nocturnal enuresis. Side effects reported with intranasal desmopressin are transient headache, nausea, abdominal cramps and water intoxication with hyponatremia and grand mal seizure. We report a case of water intoxication with low serum sodium and grand mal seizure in a healthy child treated for enuresis with desmopressin. The child experienced abdominal cramps and nausea prior to the convulsions. A computerised tomography scan of the brain gave the suspicion of increased intracranial pressure ICP. The child recovered fully. We therefore recommend that parents and child are fully informed about the administration and the risk of desmopressin. If a child on desmopressin treatment experiences abdominal cramps, nausea or headache the drug should be discontinued and a physician contacted for control of serum sodium. Temporary withdrawal of desmopressin should also be considered in cases of acute illness influencing water balance.
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PMID:[Acute water intoxication caused by intranasal desmopression--Minirin]. 919 Jul 22

Gut lavage by ingestion of large volumes of electrolyte solutions has been shown to be an effective method of cleansing the colon before colonoscopy, barium enema or surgery. Absorption of water and electrolytes, which might be hazardous to patients who are unable to readily excrete an additional sodium and/or water load, is prevented by addition of non-absorbable substances to the solutions, but systematic studies are lacking. We have evaluated the influence of three solutions for gut lavage with different electrolyte composition (sodium concentration 67 mmol/l and 125 mmol/l) and addition of different non-absorbable substances (mannitol and polyethylene glycol [PEG]) on water and electrolyte homeostasis and subjective tolerance, both in healthy volunteers and in patients before endoscopy of the colon. In a randomized, blind study 6 liters of the three solutions were administered via a nasogastric tube to 6 healthy volunteers during 4 hours (i.e. 1.5 l/h). Body weight, serum concentrations of sodium, potassium and of phosphate were measured before infusion of the solution and after the last rhythmic rectal effluent. No significant changes were observed in any of the studied parameters and the incidence of side effects (nausea, abdominal cramps) was comparable. In an additional clinical double blind study, 26 patients before diagnostic colonoscopy were asked to drink 4 liters of the gut lavage solutions as quickly as possible in order to clean out the colon. The time for drinking was significantly shorter in patients using the mannitol and low sodium solution (204 +/- 70 minutes) than in patients drinking the solution with polyethylene glycol and a high sodium concentration (387 +/- 137 minutes). There was a tendency to a longer drinking period in patients ingesting the solution with polyethylene glycol and low sodium (306 +/- 106 minutes). Thus, the acceptance for solutions containing polyethylenglycol and high sodium concentration is reduced because of low palatibility. Again no influence on serum electrolyte concentrations or body weight could be observed in any patient, the spectrum of side effects was similar and the cleansing effect of all three solutions was adequate. In conclusion solutions for gut lavage containing a balanced electrolyte concentration and nonresorbable substances such as mannitol or polythylenglycol are equivalent. However, solutions containing mannitol and a low sodium concentration are better tolerated by the patients but the use of mannitol is limited because of the risk of releasing explosive gases during interventional endoscopy. To enhance the acceptance and palatibility of solutions for gut lavage containing polethylenglycol the addition of flavoured substances is recommended.
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PMID:[Intestinal lavage solution for orthograde intestinal irrigation]. 917 64

During the spring of 1993 an estimated 403000 residents of the greater Milwaukee, Wisconsin area experienced gastrointestinal illness due to infection with the parasite Cryptosporidium parvum following contamination of the city's water supply. To define the clinical, laboratory and epidemiologic features of outbreak-associated cryptosporidiosis in children, medical and laboratory records for all children submitting stool samples to the microbiology laboratory of the Children's Hospital of Wisconsin between 7 April and 13 May 1993 were reviewed retrospectively. Interviews with parents were also conducted to obtain additional clinical history. Cryptosporidium, as the sole pathogen, was identified in stools from 49 (23%) of the 209 children enrolled in the study. Children with laboratory-confirmed cryptosporidiosis were more likely to live in areas of Milwaukee supplied with contaminated water (RR = 1.92, CI = 1.19-3.09), to be tested later in their illness (P < 0.05), to have submitted more than one stool specimen (P = 0.01), to have an underlying disease that altered their immune status (RR = 2.78, CI = 1.60-4.84), and to be older than 1 year of age (RR = 2.02, CI = 1.13-3.60). Clinical illness in these patients was more prolonged and associated with weight loss and abdominal cramps compared with Cryptosporidium-negative children. In the context of this massive waterborne outbreak relatively few children had documented infection with Cryptosporidium. If many children who tested negative for the parasite were truly infected, as the epidemiologic data suggest, existing laboratory tests for Cryptosporidium were insensitive, particularly early in the course of illness.
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PMID:Cryptosporidiosis in children during a massive waterborne outbreak in Milwaukee, Wisconsin: clinical, laboratory and epidemiologic findings. 928 44

This article summarizes two investigations that examine the health effects of prolonged exposure to copper-contaminated drinking water. The first study was initiated after elevated copper levels were detected in several homes that were either newly constructed or recently remodeled. All of these homes were served by the same municipal water supplier. The second case involved illnesses and water-quality problems that were reported by several residents of a mobile home park shortly after a new water distribution system was installed. Findings from these investigations suggest that copper-contaminated drinking water may be a fairly common cause of nausea, diarrhea, abdominal cramps, and headaches-especially among residents of new or recently-remodeled homes, and in areas where water supplies are naturally corrosive.
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PMID:Gastrointestinal upsets and new copper plumbing--is there a connection? 944 8

Symptoms consistent with an outbreak of cryptosporidiosis (diarrhea, vomiting, nausea, and abdominal cramps) occurred on a U.S. Coast Guard cutter within 0-18 days after the cutter filled its tanks with Milwaukee, Wisconsin city water in March 1993. At three-weeks postdocking (PD), the suspected water was removed, and serum samples and stool specimens were collected from 47 of the 58 crew members, as well as questionnaire data on their water consumption and symptoms aboard the cutter. At 10-weeks PD and/or at 28-weeks PD, additional serum specimens were collected. Intensitometric data from enzyme-linked immunoelectrotransfer blot (EITB) were obtained on IgA responses to a 17-kD antigen group, IgM responses to a 27-kD antigen group, and IgG responses to 27-, 17-, and 15-kD antigen groups extracted from oocysts. In addition, IgG responses to crude oocyst antigens were obtained by ELISA. Based on reported symptoms, EITB results, and stool examination, the crew members were classified as confirmed (10), probable (10), suspected (22), and noncases (16). Of the 10 confirmed cases (all symptomatic) and the 10 probable cases (eight symptomatic) whose stools were positive and negative, respectively, for Cryptosporidium oocysts by microscopy, all showed changes in EITB intensities to the antigen groups and were considered EITB positive. The remaining 38 crew members, 22 suspected cases (all symptomatic), and 16 noncases (all asymptomatic), if tested, had negative stool examinations and were considered EITB negative. Of the 10 confirmed cases, only four showed a significant change in IgG responses (P < 0.05) between three-weeks PD and follow-up serum specimens by ELISA. Crew members considered confirmed cases consumed significantly more water (P < or = 0.005) aboard the cutter than noncases. Crew members considered EITB positive consumed more water (P < or = 0.04) than crew members considered EITB negative while there was no significant difference in water consumption (P > or = 0.19) between crew members considered ELISA positive and ELISA negative. Using the EITB, the observation of changes in intensity of IgA responses to the 17-kD antigen group, IgM responses to the 27-kD antigen group, and IgG responses to the 27- 17-, and 15-kD antigen groups from C. parvum oocysts between acute and convalescent serum specimens appears useful for immunodiagnosis of Cryptosporidium infection and for prospective epidemiologic studies designed to monitor infection risk.
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PMID:Enzyme-linked immunoelectrotransfer blot analysis of a cryptosporidiosis outbreak on a United States Coast Guard cutter. 945 1

In response to reports of 2 cases of Shigella dysenteriae type I infection in late July 1994 at a textile factory employing 138 workers in Bulawayo, Zimbabwe's second largest city, public health workers interviewed workers at the factory regarding the date of the onset of illness, symptoms, food consumed, and treatment received. Factory water supply, cooking, and sanitary facilities were inspected and stool and water samples obtained for analysis. 75 of 99 workers on day and evening shifts were interviewed over the course of 2 days. 38 workers experienced the onset of diarrhea during July 24 to August 25, 1994, and were therefore classified as cases. 71% reported having abdominal cramps and 37% had bloody stools; the median duration of diarrhea was 11 days of range 5-32 days. 37 of the 58 workers who drank borehole water were ill compared to 1 of the 17 who did not. No food items consumed were significantly associated with the illness and shigella species 2 sonnei and 2 boydii were isolated from 5 of the 38 stool specimens. Water samples from the boreholes produced many faecal coliforms. Neither borehole was registered as required by municipal laws, which also forbid the use of borehole water for drinking. The epidemiologic and laboratory evidence suggest that contaminated borehole water probably caused the outbreak of disease.
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PMID:Using epidemiologic tools to control an outbreak of diarrhoea in a textile factory, Bulawayo, Zimbabwe. 955 45

During 1992 and 1993 the Wisconsin Division of Health investigated five cases in which copper-contaminated drinking water was suspected of causing gastrointestinal upsets. Each of these case studies was conducted after our office was notified of high copper levels in drinking water or notified of unexplained illnesses. Our findings suggest that drinking water that contains copper at levels above the federal action limit of 1.3 mg/l may be a relatively common cause of diarrhea, abdominal cramps, and nausea. These symptoms occurred most frequently in infants and young children and among resident of newly constructed or renovated homes.
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PMID:Gastrointestinal upsets associated with ingestion of copper-contaminated water. 973 10

Abdominal cramping, nausea, diarrhea, and GI bleeding are often reported in long-distance runners. This study set out to determine the effects of prolonged (2-4 hrs) exercise and NSAID ingestion on gastric and intestinal permeability during the first 5 hrs following the 1996 Chicago Marathon. Thirty-four healthy volunteers (20 M, 14 F; ages 30-50) completed the race and ingested the test solution (5 g sucrose, 5 g lactulose, 2 g rhamnose, in 40 ml water) within 10-15 min. The urinary excretion ratio of lactulose/rhamnose was used to assess small intestine permeability; sucrose excretion was used to evaluate gastric impairment. There were no significant differences for mean training mileage, postrace rectal temperature, and percent dehydration between runners who ingested NSAIDs and those who did not. In all, 75% of subjects reported aspirin or ibuprofen ingestion before or during the race. Runners who ingested ibuprofen had significant elevations in urinary lactulose excretion and lactulose/rhamnose ratio, whereas those who ingested aspirin or who did not ingest either NSAID had no significant differences in urinary excretion of lactulose, rhamnose, sucrose, or lactulose/rhamnose ratio compared to resting controls. Thirteen of the 26 NSAID users and 4 of the 8 non-users reported GI symptoms. It is concluded that (a) ibuprofen but not aspirin ingestion during prolonged exercise may increase gastrointestinal permeability and lead to GI symptoms, and (b) prolonged exercise alone can produce GI symptoms.
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PMID:Intestinal permeability in runners in the 1996 Chicago marathon. 1066 Aug 73


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