Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0000729 (abdominal cramps)
 531 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

In June 1983, an outbreak of waterborne giardiasis occurred in a group of 93 university students and faculty participating in a geology field course in Colorado. All cases occurred in one subgroup of persons who were heavily exposed to untreated stream water on a field trip, and the risk of illness was strongly related to the amount of untreated stream water consumed. The median incubation period from a brief exposure to the first symptom was 7 days. The authors compared symptoms and stool sample results among 31 Giardia-positive persons in the exposed group and 36 Giardia-negative participants in an unexposed group to assess several case definitions for acute giardiasis. Diarrhea, abdominal cramps, flatulence, foul-smelling stools, nausea, excessive tiredness, bloating, anorexia, and chills were each significantly more common in the first group than in the second. A giardiasis case definition of 5 days or more of diarrhea--the definition used in many epidemiologic studies of giardiasis--had a specificity of 100 percent but a sensitivity of only 32.2 percent compared with a definition based on results of stool examinations. When a case was defined as an illness lasting 7 days or more, with a combination of two or more of six symptoms (diarrhea, flatulence, foul-smelling stools, nausea, abdominal cramps, and excessive tiredness), sensitivity rose to 73 percent, with a specificity of 88 percent. Such a case definition may be an improvement over that of 5 days of diarrhea, especially in outbreaks where there is good laboratory documentation that Giardia is the etiologic agent. The definition should be validated in other outbreaks and in situations where giardiasis must be distinguished from gastrointestinal disease caused by other agents.
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PMID:Acute giardiasis: an improved clinical case definition for epidemiologic studies. 199 3

A multicenter, randomized, double-blind trial was conducted to compare the efficacy of Cafergot P-B with that of its components, Cafergot, pentobarbital, and Bellafoline, and with placebo for the treatment of migraine. Patients with vascular headaches of the migraine type who regularly experienced nervous tension and some form of gastrointestinal distress with their headaches were randomized to one of five treatment groups. They were given treatment packets containing their assigned drug for use during two separate migraine attacks. Patients made pretreatment evaluations of the following symptoms: head pain, nervous tension, nausea, vomiting, anorexia, abdominal cramps, and photophobia. They made posttreatment evaluations of these symptoms 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, and 3.0 hours after ingesting their assigned drug. Improvement scores were calculated from the differences between the pretreatment and the posttreatment ratings. Patients also made a final global assessment of their drug's efficacy. All patients who took at least one dose of the study medication and completed a baseline evaluation and at least one postdose evaluation of severity of pain were included in the analysis (n = 254). The comparisons of particular interest were those between Cafergot P-B and Cafergot and between Cafergot P-B and placebo. Cafergot P-B was significantly more effective than Cafergot in relieving head pain at hours 2 and 3, nervous tension, nausea, vomiting, anorexia, and photophobia. Cafergot P-B was significantly more effective than placebo in relieving head pain, nervous tension, nausea (second headache only), vomiting, and photphobia. The incidence of reported adverse effects was no greater with Cafergot P-B than with Cafergot; however, patients given Cafergot P-B reported less vomiting than did patients given Cafergot. The results of this study show that addition of pentobarbital and Bellafoline to Cafergot provides greater relief of pain, vomiting, nervous tension, photophobia, and other symptoms associated with migraine, while reducing the severity of the nausea that may accompany a migraine headache or Cafergot therapy.
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PMID:Symptomatic relief of migraine: multicenter comparison of Cafergot P-B, Cafergot, and placebo. 249 84

Hexamethylmelamine is an s-triazine that began clinical trials during the 1960s based on its level of antitumor activity in murine tumor models. Phase I studies were performed using an oral formulation given in divided doses for varying numbers of days. The most frequently reported toxicities included nausea, vomiting, abdominal cramps, anorexia, weight loss and malaise. Less frequently reported toxicities were anemia, thrombocytopenia, leucopenia and peripheral neuropathy. Clinical antitumor activity was noted in the phase I studies in a variety of tumor types. Since then a large number of studies have been performed using hexamethylmelamine as a single agent and in a variety of combinations. Unfortunately, almost none of these studies sought to define the utility of this drug relative to other treatments for the diseases in which it showed activity, or to define the contribution of this drug to the activity of any given combination. Thus its role in the treatment of patients with malignancies remains undefined.
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PMID:Hexamethylmelamine: a critical review of an active drug. 310 57

Information from animal studies has demonstrated the harmful effects of zinc supplementation on copper transport. Although some studies have been carried out in humans, the effect on humans has not been as well documented as the effect on animals. Forty-seven healthy volunteers (26 women and 21 men) took part in a double-blind cross-over trial which lasted for 12 weeks. The subjects were asked to take 50 mg of elemental zinc (as 220 mg zinc sulphate) or placebo, three times a day for six weeks. Venous blood was collected for the analysis of plasma levels of copper and zinc. Symptoms, which included headaches, abdominal cramps, nausea, loss of appetite and vomiting, were registered from 84% of women and 18% of men. Six female volunteers discontinued the trial; five owing to gastric irritation and one owing to consistent headaches. Plasma zinc levels rose significantly in both men and women, the increase being 36% and 57%, respectively. Plasma copper levels did not change significantly. Our study suggests that the gastric discomfort that is associated with zinc supplementation may be related to body weight as symptoms were reported from the lower-weight volunteers. Our study also shows no detrimental effect of 150 mg of zinc a day on plasma copper levels in healthy volunteers over a period of six weeks.
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PMID:The effect of zinc supplements on plasma zinc and copper levels and the reported symptoms in healthy volunteers. 354 53

Campylobacter fetus subspecies jejuni was isolated fom the feces of 63 (3.2%) of the 1,953 patients who had stools cultured at the Mayo Clinic in 1979. In contrast, Salmonella and Shigella combined were isolated from 31 (1.6%) patients. Two patients had double infections with Salmonella species and C. fetus subsp jejuni. Three patients had no diarrhea at the time of stool culture. One patient, who had chronic lymphocytic leukemia, had both blood and stool cultures positive for C. fetus subsp jejuni. There was a seasonal incidence that peaked in July when 7.8% of all patients who had stools cultured had C. fetus subsp jejuni isolated. Thirteen cases occurred in children 5 years of age and younger and 29 cases occurred between the ages of 15 and 30 years. Clinical features often included a prodrome of malaise, which preceded the onset of abdominal cramps, diarrhea, anorexia, fever, nausea, and vomiting. Grossly bloody diarrhea occurred in 33 patients, and massive intestinal bleeding occurred in 1 patient as a late complication after diarrhea had resolved. Transient splenomegaly was attributed to C. fetus subsp jejuni on one occasion. Proctoscopic findings may be similar to those seen in inflammatory bowel disease or pseudomembranous colitis. Three patients were referred to this institution with newly diagnosed chronic ulcerative colitis, and one patient was referred with newly diagnosed Crohn's disease. C. fetus subsp jejuni was isolated from their stools, and the diagnosis of inflammatory bowel disease was subsequently dropped. A selected review of cases illustrates the variety of gastrointestinal manifestations seen with this organism.
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PMID:Diarrhea due to Campylobacter fetus subspecies jejuni. A clinical review of 63 cases. 725 3

Vibrio cholerae O139 was recovered from 28 of 79 children with acute watery diarrhoea. Clinically, they presented with watery diarrhoea (100%), vomiting (79%), abdominal cramps (61%), anorexia (61%), dehydration (100%), and absence of fever. Both clinical and blood biochemical parameters of these cases were similar to the illness caused by the new strain in adults. Hypoglycaemia was seen in 40% of those screened.
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PMID:Vibrio cholerae O139 in Calcutta. 794 42

Human infection by Cryptosporidium spp and other coccidia are due to opportunist non-host specific microorganisms. In HIV seropositive patients, the gastrointestinal symptoms accompanying such infections may be serious and prolonged and may include nausea, low-grade fever, abdominal cramps, anorexia and watery diarrhoea. We studied 188 stool samples from 111 patients (84 men and 27 women) with diarrhoea. A modified Ziehl-Nielsen technique for the detection of Cryptosporidium spp and Isospora belli was employed. The mean age of the patients was 31 years. Cryptosporidium spp was seen in 18% (n = 20) of the patients, 90% (n = 18) of whom were HIV seropositive. Isospora belli was recorded only from HIV seropositive patients (5.4% of all the patients studied and 6.5% of those who were HIV seropositive). These data confirm the good results obtained with this technique for the identification of Cryptosporidium spp and other coccidia and also reaffirm the clinical importance of correctly diagnosing the cause of diarrhoea, particularly in HIV seropositive patients.
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PMID:The relevance of laboratory diagnosis of human cryptosporidiosis and other coccidia. 872 59

During the past 4 years, several case reports have been published on the withdrawal syndrome which may be observed after acute interruption of a treatment with selective serotonin reuptake inhibiting antidepressants (SSRI). Paroxetine is the most frequently cited antidepressant in the literature, whereas fluoxetine is the less frequently cited of this type of drugs. The withdrawal symptoms appear a few days after stopping treatment or after a decrease of the dose. The typical symptoms are of the gastro-intestinal type, such as loss of appetite, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea and abdominal cramps. Other symptoms are sensation of instability, vertigo, dizziness, headache, malaise, muscular pains, asthenia, as well as a syndrome of pseudo-influenza. Brief electric shocks throughout the body, which last one or two seconds, have also been reported. A case is reported in detail by the authors, who observed some of these symptoms in a patient after stopping his treatment with paroxetine. This withdrawal syndrome may be due to a rebound phenomenon of the serotonergic systems after interruption of the treatment with SSRIs. It is, therefore, recommended that treatment with SSRIs is progressively stopped over a period of several weeks.
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PMID:[Withdrawal syndrome caused by selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors: apropos of a case]. 954 42

A Phase I study was performed to determine the maximum tolerated dose (MTD), toxicities, and pharmacokinetic profile of irinotecan (CPT-11) and its active metabolites when given on a once-every-3-week schedule. Thirty-four patients with advanced refractory solid malignancies were treated with CPT-11 (240-340 mg/m2) administered as a 90-min i.v. infusion every 3 weeks. Patients were divided into two groups: those with and those without prior abdominal/pelvic (AP) radiotherapy. Gastrointestinal toxicity (nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea) and hematological toxicity (leukopenia and neutropenia) were dose-limiting side effects. Other common toxicities included anorexia, asthenia, and acute cholinergic symptoms (abdominal cramps, diaphoresis, and lacrimation). For patients with no prior AP radiation therapy, the MTD was determined to be 320 mg/m2, whereas those with prior AP radiation therapy had a MTD of 290 mg/m2. Dose-proportional increases in the mean area under the concentration-time curves for CPT-11, SN-38, and SN-38G were not observed over the narrow dose range studied. Mean values of terminal phase half-life, clearance, terminal phase volume of distribution, and steady-state volume of distribution for CPT-11 were 12.4 +/- 1.8 h, 13.0 +/- 3.8 liters/h/m2, 234 +/- 83 liters/m2, and 123 +/- 38 liters/m2, respectively. The pharmacodynamic analyses indicated the strongest correlation to be between SN-38 area under the concentration-time curves and neutropenia (p = 0.60; P = 0.001). A total of five responses (one complete response and four partial responses) were observed in the cohort of 32 patients with previously treated metastatic colorectal carcinoma. In conclusion, gastrointestinal toxicity and hematological toxicity were the dose-limiting toxicities of CPT-11 when administered as a 90-min infusion every 3 weeks. In this trial, the recommended Phase II starting dose for patients with no prior AP radiation therapy was found to be 320 mg/m2; for patients with prior AP radiation, the recommended Phase II starting dose was 290 mg/m2. This once-every-3-week schedule has been incorporated into a Phase I trial of CPT-11 combined with 5-fluorouracil and leucovorin.
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PMID:Phase I dose-finding and pharmacokinetic trial of irinotecan hydrochloride (CPT-11) using a once-every-three-week dosing schedule for patients with advanced solid tumor malignancy. 1087 73

A total of 200 cases aged 1-13 years complaining of symptoms suggestive of giardiasis in addition to thirty normal healthy children as a control group was examined clinically and laboratory using stool examination and detection of Giardia coproantigen in faeces by Dot ELISA and direct IFA. Stool examination detected 39 cases (19.5%) while Dot ELISA and direct IFA detected 49 cases (24.5%) with 100% sensitivity and 93.8% specificity. The common clinical findings were diarrhea, abdominal cramps, anorexia, underweight, pallor and manifestations of vitamin deficiency. The results were discussed.
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PMID:Comparative study on ELISA, IFA and direct methods in diagnosis of giardiasis. 1221 16


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