Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: UMLS:C0000729 (abdominal cramps)
 531 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Toxoplasmic encephalitis is one of the leading causes of morbidity in patients with AIDS. Lifelong treatment is needed to prevent relapses, and primary prevention is desirable in high-risk patients, but the available drugs are often poorly tolerated. Azithromycin (AZM) has been considered a drug candidate because of its efficacy in the animal model and its kinetic properties, which would allow intermittent administration. The tolerability and kinetics of AZM and its effect on the disposition of zidovudine (ZVD) were therefore evaluated in a preliminary open study in nine human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients. AZM was administered once weekly for 5 weeks 2 h before the usual morning ZVD dose. The day before and on the first and fifth AZM dosings, blood samples were drawn every 30 min during 5 h for determination of the concentrations of ZVD and its glucuronide metabolite. Blood samples were drawn for AZM measurement over 72 and 360 h on the first and fifth AZM administrations, respectively, as well as before and 3 h after dosing on the second, third, and fourth AZM dosings. After the first and fifth administrations, maximum AZM concentrations in serum were 0.6 +/- 0.1 and 0.8 +/- 0.2 microM (mean +/- standard error of the mean), respectively; times to peak concentration in serum were 3.7 +/- 0.2 and 2.9 +/- 0.4 h, respectively; areas under the plasma concentration-time curves were 9.2 +/- 1.6 and 9.3 +/- 2.0 micrograms.h/ml, respectively; and half-lives were 61.0 +/- 5.4 and 63.8 +/- 6.7 h, respectively. On days -1, 1, and 29, ZVD kinetic parameters were as follows: maximum concentrations in serum, 3.1+/- 0.6, 4.3 +/- 0.6, and 4.2 +/- 0.9 microM, respectively; times to maximum concentrations in serum, 1.1 +/- 0.4, 0.8 +/- 0.2, and 1.2 +/- 0.3 h, respectively: areas under the plasma concentration-time curves, 5.3 +/- 0.9, 5.9 +/- 0.6, and 5.7 +/- 0.8 microgram . h/ml, respectively; and half-lives, 1.3 +/- 0.08, 1.4 +/- 0.04, and 1.3 +/- 0.04 h, respectively. Except for transient mild abdominal cramps that occurred at 2 to 3 h postdose (6 of 45 exposures) and nausea (4 of 45 exposures), neither subjective nor objective side effects were observed. The kinetics of AZM were similar after the first and repeated administrations, and the disposition of ZVD was not altered by this treatment. The efficacy of AZM in preventing cerebral toxoplasmosis can therefore be safely tested in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients concomitantly treated with zidovudine.
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PMID:Once-a-week azithromycin in AIDS patients: tolerability, kinetics, and effects on zidovudine disposition. 132 35

The director of the hospital in Kapenguria and the Public Health Officer in the district of West-Pokot and a deputy medical director who had worked there before visited Chepkono, a village of some 20 huts spread around with serious signs of erosion. Their mission was to induce friends of Kenya in the Netherlands to donate money for the improvement of the health service, for the construction of clinics, and for educational programs. A small clinic consisting of 1 room decorated with pamphlets against AIDS, malaria, and other diseases was managed by the chief primary health care (PHC) assistant named Joseph. The village chief talked about the progression of school construction and the sanitary project. Joseph spoke about the strange disease that had all the signs of an epidemic affecting all ages with headache, fever, abdominal cramps, and muscle pain. A village elder added that the mouths of the deceased were black. At a hut there were about 10 people, among them a couple of children, probably also affected by the strange disease, sitting quietly watching the doctors. Each of them had lost 1 or more family members. The children were examined by the doctors, and it turned out that they suffered from a common ailment that good nutrition could relieve. Joseph got the assignment to procure milk powder and instant food for the use of the mothers. The doctors' conclusion was that in Chepkono the major ailment was meningitis or neck cramp. The examination would continue in the hospital in Kapenguria. The men were also informed that there was no vaccination against the strange disease. Joseph proved to be a capable PHC assistant knowing medicines and patients. Sanitary measures including toilet hygiene and boiling milk and water were recommended to avoid illness, and the guests departed.
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PMID:[Chepkono, in the heart of a paradise]. 178 9

Case I: A middle-age homosexual male developed AIDS with Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP) and esophageal candidiasis in 1986 during his stay in an European country about five months prior to transfer to Tokyo Metropolitan Komagome Hospital, Tokyo, in 1987. He was also diagnosed as having cryptosporidiosis presenting with mild diarrhea a month following the diagnosis of PCP. Diarrhea was successfully treated with spiramycin. On transfer to Tokyo Metropolitan Komagome Hospital, he was febrile but had no diarrhea. Serum HIV and TPHA were positive and his blood lymphocyte subset T4a was markedly decreased. On the 13th day after transfer to the hospital, watery diarrhea appeared. Cryptosporidium oocysts were detected from the feces taken on the 17th hospital day. The patient died of Escherichia coli septicemia on the 38th hospital day. Autopsy finding yielded Cryptosporidium infection widely spread over the stomach, ileum, bile and pancreatic ducts. Case II: A 31-year-old previously healthy female presented with abrupt onset of mucous stool five times daily. Mucous passage continued on the subsequent days despite administration of loperamide, and the passage increased to 20 times daily with mucous to watery diarrhea associated with mild abdominal cramps and nausea on the 4th day after onset of illness. On the 6th day of illness, she visited Tokyo Metropolitan Komagome Hospital. She denied close contact with pet animals or contact with any person presenting diarrhea. She had no recent history of travelling anywhere outside Tokyo. On examination she was an apparently healthy woman except for a slightly distended abdomen with localized tenderness in the right upper quadrant.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:[Cryptosporidium diarrhea developing in two Japanese adults--one in AIDS and the other in a normal host. Research Group for Infectious Enteric Diseases, Japan]. 178 13

Octreotide is an analogue of somatostatin. Like endogenous somatostatin, it exerts a potent inhibitory effect on the release of anterior pituitary growth hormone and thyroid-stimulating hormone, and peptides of the gastroenteropancreatic endocrine system, while overcoming some of the shortcomings of exogenously administered somatostatin, namely a short duration of action, a need for intravenous administration and postinfusion rebound hypersecretion of hormone. Clinical studies have shown that octreotide is effective in the treatment of acromegaly and thyrotrophinomas. In comparative trials octreotide was significantly superior to bromocriptine in patients with acromegaly. Octreotide also appears to provide a significant advantage over existing therapies in the management of the carcinoid syndrome and offers considerable therapeutic potential in reversing carcinoid crises which may be life-threatening. Trials in patients with tumours producing vasoactive intestinal peptide demonstrated that octreotide may be an effective first-line choice for this condition, which has usually metastasised and become refractory to traditional symptomatic therapy. In limited studies in patients with high-output secretory diarrhoea, including cryptosporidium-related diarrhoea associated with AIDS and in patients with small bowel fistulas, octreotide has been shown to be effective in reducing stool/fistula output. However, well-designed clinical trials are still required to confirm its long term usefulness in these disorders. Similarly, although the use of octreotide in other conditions such as neonatal hypoglycaemia caused by nesidioblastosis, reactive pancreatitis, insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, postprandial hypotension and the dumping syndrome has provided encouraging preliminary results, more studies are needed to clarify the place of octreotide in their treatment. Overall, octreotide appears to be well tolerated with the most frequently reported reactions being pain at the site of injection and gastrointestinal symptoms such as abdominal cramps, nausea, bloating, flatulence, diarrhoea and steatorrhoea. These adverse effects usually abate with time. Additionally, octreotide, like endogenous somatostatin, may also result in cholelithiasis, presumably by altering fat absorption and possibly by decreasing motility of the gallbladder. Thus, octreotide represents a new departure from traditional therapies in the treatment of various pathophysiological states associated with excessive peptide production and secretion. It offers a significant advantage over existing therapies in the medical management of patients with acromegaly, thyrotrophinomas, the carcinoid syndrome, tumours producing vasoactive intestinal peptide and severe secretory diarrhoea in whom conventional management options have either become exhausted or have provided suboptimal symptomatic relief.
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PMID:Octreotide. A review of its pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic properties, and therapeutic potential in conditions associated with excessive peptide secretion. 268 36

Primary infection with the human T-lymphotropic virus type III (HTLV-III) was documented in three patients by virus isolation during acute illness and concurrent or subsequent HTLV-III seroconversion. All patients had fevers, rigors, arthralgias, and myalgias. Additional symptoms included truncal maculopapular rash, urticaria, abdominal cramps, and diarrhea. Lymphocytic meningitis accompanied the febrile illness in two patients. The estimated incubation period was 4 to 6 weeks, and the symptoms lasted 2 to 3 weeks. Seroconversion occurred 8 to 12 weeks after presumed exposure and was manifested by a characteristic antibody response pattern. Physicians should consider the possibility of primary HTLV-III infection when evaluating patients who belong to one of the risk groups for the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome and who have prolonged febrile illnesses.
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PMID:Primary human T-lymphotropic virus type III infection. 299 51

Anisakiasis or "herring worm disease" is one of the most important parasitic diseases of the gastrointestinal tract in Japan. In 1988 Lorenz and Warzok published 8 cases of intestinal anisakiasis in Eastern Germany. In 1988 Spehn et al. reported a case of gastric anisakiasis in an AIDS patient. Here, we describe a case of gastric anisakiasis in Germany with an impressive serious clinical course. The symptoms--acute abdominal cramps, severe chest pain, diarrhoea, sub-febrile temperatures and leucocytosis--followed 4 h after consumption of raw herring, which was homemade pickled in vinegar. The conventional and the endoscopic ultrasonography showed a thickened gastric wall made of mainly thickened submucosa. The larvae of Anisakis in the gastric mucosa were found and extracted endoscopically. Acute and severe abdominal pain after eating raw fish is an indication for early gastroscopy. The endoscopical extraction of possible larvae is the only effective therapy, as anthelmintics against nematodes (mebendazole, albendazole, thiabendazole) are ineffective.
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PMID:[Anisakiasis of the stomach--a case report from Germany]. 1125 10

The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommends that immunocompromised people avoid exposure to cryptosporidium in outbreak settings by drinking water that is boiled, filtered, or bottled. A parasite, cryptosporidium is spread when persons ingest infected feces of humans or animals, or eat raw or undercooked vegetables contaminated with an egg-like form of the parasite. Symptoms include watery diarrhea, headache, abdominal cramps, nausea, vomiting and low-grade fever; in immunocompromised patients infection often leads to weight loss, dehydration, and may become life-threatening. Drugs can treat the symptoms, although cryptosporidiosis is not curable and often recurs in severely immunocompromised patients. To prevent becoming infected; HIV-positive people should not drink water from lakes, rivers, and swimming pools; avoid unpasteurized milk or milk products; wash hands after contact with pets or with soil; and follow safe-sex guidelines. The CDC also recommends that in settings with an outbreak of cryptosporidium, individuals boil water for one minute to kill the parasite or use a filter for tap water that is capable of removing particles less than one micron in diameter. A third option is to use bottled water for drinking, although it is difficult to know which is safe since no organization regulates it.
AIDS Alert 1995 Aug
PMID:CDC provides guidelines on suspect water supplies. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 1136 76

The National Association of People with AIDS (NAPWA) released a May 2, 1996, report stating that the tap water in the nation's major cities places people with weakened immune systems at risk for contracting cryptosporidium. Cryptosporidium is a potentially life-threatening microscopic parasite. In people with compromised immune systems, the symptoms of diarrhea, headache, abdominal cramps, nausea, vomiting, and fever can persist for months and lead to death. Twenty-two of the thirty-one cities surveyed had no testing or notification policies in place to reduce an outbreak of cryptosporidium. NAPWA recommends that people with HIV disease in extremely high-risk cities (Atlanta; Dallas; Minneapolis; Newark, NJ; St. Petersburg, FL; and Washington, DC) refrain from drinking tap water. Another 22 cities were found to be at high risk for an outbreak.
AIDS Policy Law 1996 May 17
PMID:NAPWA questions safety of drinking water in major cities. National Association of People with AIDS. 1136 72

The aim of the research: identification of etiological structure of acute diarrheas and hemorrhagic colitis in Georgia, manifestation of clinical peculiarities and predictors of hemorrhagic colitis complicated by HUS ( Hemolytic-Uremic syndrome). In 2011-2013 we studied 274 hospitalized patients at the Center of Infectious Diseases, AIDS and Clinical Immunology (160 hemorrhagic colitis and 114 non-bloody diarrhea). Causative agents of hemorrhagic colitis (160 patients) were determined in 110 (69%) cases; etiology of the non-bloody diarrhea (114 patients) was established in 46 (40%) cases. Enteronterohaemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC) strains are major causes of hemorrhagic colitis. For the confirmation of STEC infection by the bacteriological investigation some significant additional methods were used: serologic examination of feces on shiga- toxin molecular markers by ImmunoCard STAT and PCR methods. Thus, these above mentioned investigations contribute to diagnosis STEC infection at the early stage of the disease. Based on our findings we were able to reveal predictors of complications of hemorrhagic colitis by HUS. They include: Delayed hospitalization, rural residents, premorbid background, onset of the disease with low-grade fever accompanied with abdominal cramps, manifestation of bloody diarrhea on the 2-3-rd days of the disease, frequent bowl movement (>20 times a day), development of oliguria and edema on the following days, leucocytosis in hemogram, elevation of LDH, creatinine and urea, hypoalbuminemia and development of ascites.
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PMID:Clinical and epidemiological peculiarities of hemorrhagic colitis complicated by hemolytic-uremic syndrome. 2534 Dec 42