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 340,653 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The effects of nebulized diuretics on citric acid-induced cough and airway obstruction in guinea pigs and capsaicin-induced cough and increase in airway resistance in humans have been studied. Half-maximum inhibition of cough in the guinea pig was produced by 1.3 mM furosemide and 0.25 mM hydrochlorothiazide. Cough was inhibited by 78 +/- 9% by 3 mM furosemide (P less than 0.05) and 89 +/- 11% by 3 mM hydrochlorothiazide (P less than 0.01). At the same time, airway obstruction was inhibited by 50 +/- 9% (P less than 0.001) and 42 +/- 15% (P less than 0.05), respectively. Nebulized furosemide (3 mM) was without effect on the airway obstruction produced by inhaled histamine or acetylcholine in the guinea pigs. Intravenously administered furosemide (270 nmol/kg) did not affect citric acid-induced responses. In humans, aerosolized furosemide (9 mM) and hydrochlorothiazide (3.4 mM) reduced the percent increase in respiratory resistance from 22.1 +/- 3.7 and 15.6 +/- 3.4 to 10.5 +/- 4.9 and 9.4 +/- 3.3%, respectively (P less than 0.05), but were without effect on cough due to capsaicin. Thus both furosemide and hydrochlorothiazide inhibited airway obstruction in the guinea pig and reduced the capsaicin-induced increase in airway resistance in humans. However, whereas coughing was inhibited in the guinea pig, neither drug affected cough in humans. This difference in the action of the loop diuretic and thiazide, which interact differently with Na(+)-K(+)-Cl-transport within the airway mucosa, on the cough and airflow obstruction in guinea pig and humans supports the view that different sensory limbs are involved in these reflexes.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:A comparison of the effect of inhaled diuretics on airway reflexes in humans and guinea pigs. 155 16

To determine whether increases in muscle mitochondrial capacity are necessary for the characteristic lower exercise glycogen loss and lactate concentration observed during exercise in the trained state, we have employed a short-term training model involving 2 h of cycling per day at 67% maximal O2 uptake (VO2max) for 5-7 consecutive days. Before and after training, biopsies were extracted from the vastus lateralis of nine male subjects during a continuous exercise challenge consisting of 30 min of work at 67% VO2max followed by 30 min at 76% VO2max. Analysis of samples at 0, 15, 20, and 60 min indicated a pronounced reduction (P less than 0.05) in glycogen utilization after training. Reductions in glycogen utilization were accompanied by reductions (P less than 0.05) in muscle lactate concentration (mmol/kg dry wt) at 15 min [37.4 +/- 9.3 (SE) vs. 20.2 +/- 5.3], 30 min (30.5 +/- 6.9 vs. 17.6 +/- 3.8), and 60 min (26.5 +/- 5.8 vs. 17.8 +/- 3.5) of exercise. Maximal aerobic power, VO2max (l/min) was unaffected by the training (3.99 +/- 0.21 vs. 4.05 +/- 0.26). Measurements of maximal activities of enzymes representative of the citric acid cycle (succinic dehydrogenase and citrate synthase) were similar before and after the training. It is concluded that, in the voluntary exercising human, altered metabolic events are an early adaptive response to training and need not be accompanied by changes in muscle mitochondrial capacity.
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PMID:Metabolic adaptations to training precede changes in muscle mitochondrial capacity. 155 23

1. Twelve non-smoking subjects inhaled capsaicin at three different inspiratory flow rates: 50, 100 and 150 litres/min. Capsaicin was delivered by a breath-actuated dosimeter; inhalations consisted of 0.21-13.6 nmol of capsaicin in doubling amounts given in random order. 2. The mean number of coughs per challenge decreased with increasing inspiratory flow rate. The difference in cough numbers were significant: 7.7 (95% confidence interval 2.5-12.8) for 50 versus 100 litres/min and 10.9 (95% confidence interval 5.0-16.9) for 100 versus 150 litres/min. 3. On a separate day, a cough threshold was measured by giving increasing doses of citric acid that were inhaled at 50 litres/min. There was a positive correlation between the sensitivity to capsaicin and the cough threshold to citric acid (r = 0.69, P = 0.01), and also between the cough latencies (r = 0.67, P = 0.02). 4. The negative relationship between the cough response and the inspiratory flow rate may be caused by increased laryngeal deposition at lower inspiratory flow rates. 5. These results are compatible with a similar anatomical distribution of cough receptors for capsaicin and citric acid. 6. These results suggest that changes in inspiratory flow rate may affect the results of cough challenges.
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PMID:Effect of changes in inspiratory flow rate on cough responses to inhaled capsaicin. 165 2

1. The activity of 117 single neurons was recorded in the rostral nucleus of the solitary tract (NST) and tested with each of four standard chemical stimuli [sucrose, NaCl, citric acid, and quinine HCl (QHCl)] and distilled water in awake, behaving rats. In 101 of these neurons, at least one sapid stimulus elicited a significant taste response. The mean spontaneous rate of the taste neurons was 4.1 +/- 5.8 (SD) spike/s. The mean response magnitudes were as follows: sucrose, 10.6 +/- 11.7; NaCl, 8.6 +/- 14.6; citric acid, 6.2 +/- 7.8; and QHCl, 2.4 +/- 6.6 spikes/s. 2. On the basis of their largest response, 42 taste neurons were classified as sucrose-best, 25 as NaCl-best, 30 as citric acid-best, and 4 as QHCl-best. The mean spontaneous rates for these categories were 4.9 +/- 6.2 for sucrose-best cells, 5.8 +/- 7.4 for NaCl-best, 1.6 +/- 2.0 for citric acid-best, and 5.8 +/- 6.0 spikes/s for QHCl-best. The spontaneous rate of the citric acid-best neurons was significantly lower than that of the other categories. 3. At the standard concentrations, 45 taste cells (44.6%) responded significantly to only one of the gustatory stimuli. Of the 30 acid-best neurons, 23 (76.7%) responded only to citric acid. For sucrose-best cells, specific sensitivity was less common (18/42, 42.9%), and for NaCl-best neurons, it was relatively uncommon (3/25, 12%). One of the 4 QHCl-best neurons was specific. In a concentration series, more than one-half of the 19 specific neurons tested responded to only one chemical at any strength. 4. The mean entropy for the excitatory responses of all gustatory neurons was 0.60. Citric acid-best cells showed the least breadth of responsiveness (0.49), sucrose-best cells were somewhat broader (0.56), but NaCl-best and QHCl-best cells were considerably less selective (0.77 and 0.79, respectively). Inhibition was observed infrequently and never reached the criterion for significance. 5. In the hierarchical cluster analysis, the four largest clusters segregated neurons primarily by best-stimulus category. The major exception to this was a group of sucrose-best neurons that also responded to NaCl and were grouped with the NaCl-best neurons. In a two-dimensional space, the specific taste neurons, those that responded to only one of the four standard sapid stimuli, remained in well-separated groups. These specific groups, however, were joined in a ring-like formation by other neurons that responded to more than one of the sapid stimuli.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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PMID:Gustatory responses of neurons in the nucleus of the solitary tract of behaving rats. 176 82

Minimal detectable concentration of serum piroxicam by using HPLC reported in literature was mostly around 50 ng.ml-1 serum. Though the sensitivity was enough for pharmacokinetics study, it could not meet the needs of drug formulation screen study in developing precision drug delivery system (DDS) such as transdermal delivery system. A new HPLC method providing a detection limit of 0.75 ng, sensitive enough to quantify low concentrations of serum piroxicam down to 5 ng.ml-1 was reported in this paper. A Waters Model 481 instrument was used throughout the experiment. Isoxicam was proved to be the most suitable internal standard at maximum absorption wave length of 360 nm. A mixture of methanol and ammonium acetate 0.1 mol.L-1 (1:0.9 vol.vol-1) was selected as mobile phase with a flow rate of 1 ml.min-1. 0.025% tetramethyl ethylene diamine was added to ammonium acetate solution and adjusted to pH 4.5 with citric acid before mixing. Calibration curve was linear (r = 0.9999) in the concentration range of 10-5,000 ng.ml-1. The within-day and day-to-day precisions (CV) of this method were 2.88% and 2.89% respectively, with average recoveries of 96.0-102.4% (10-5,000 ng.ml-1). No interference was found in the body fluids of subjects who took piroxicam concomitantly with other commonly used non-steroidal anti-inflammatory medicines such as indomethacin, ibuprofen, naproxen, phenylbutazone and acetylsalicylic acid.
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PMID:[A HPLC method for determining piroxicam in body fluids]. 180 89

Twenty-seven mandibular class III furcation defects were treated in 27 subjects using a regenerative therapy that included citric acid root conditioning and coronally positioned flaps secured by crown-attached sutures. In addition to this therapy, 13 of the 27 defects received freeze-dried, decalcified allogenic bone grafts. The effect of these therapies was evaluated from soft tissue probing measurements, including furcation probings to determine soft tissue closure of the defects. At 6 months postsurgery, the mean vertical probing depth reduction and the mean probing attachment level gain in the furcation area were 2.6 mm and 2.2 mm for the non-grafted defects and 1.9 mm and 1.5 mm for the grafted defects. One of the 14 non-grafted defects and 3 of 13 grafted defects were judged to show soft tissue clinical closure by a panel of 3 independent examiners. No statistically significant differences were observed between defects treated with or without bone grafts.
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PMID:Treatment of periodontal furcation defects. Mandibular class III defects. 187 65

Eight groups of female Sprague-Dawley rats were treated with 281 mg Al(OH)3/kg/day by gastric intubation five times a week for five weeks. Concurrently, animals in seven groups received ascorbic acid (56.3 mg/kg/day), citric acid (62 mg/kg/day), gluconic acid (62.7 mg/kg/day), lactic acid (28.8 mg/kg/day), malic acid (42.9 mg/kg/day), oxalic acid (28.8 mg/kg/day), and tartaric acid (48 mg/kg/day) in the drinking water. The eighth group did not receive any dietary constituent in the water and was designated as the control group. Animals were placed in plastic metabolic cages and urine was collected during the treatment period. The liver, spleen, kidney, brain and bone aluminum levels of each rat were measured, as well as the total amount of aluminum excreted into urine. All the dietary constituents significantly increased the aluminum concentrations in most of the tissues, with ascorbic and citric acids showing the highest rate of aluminum accumulation. In contrast, no significant differences between control and treated rats were observed in the concentrations of aluminum excreted into urine. In view of these results, we suggest that the effects of the simultaneous ingestion of aluminum hydroxide and those dietary constituents in uremic animals should be evaluated. Meanwhile, the diet of uremic patients should be carefully monitored.
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PMID:Influence of some dietary constituents on aluminum absorption and retention in rats. 205 16

The bioavailability of orally given oxytetracycline in dependence on calcium (0.7% and 1.4% calcium, respectively) and citric acid content in feed was examined in piglets (9.9 +/- 0.9 kg body weight). In the first trial no citric acid was added to the two feeds, in the second trial 1.5% citric acid was added. In both trials each piglet received an i/v-injection of oxytetracycline (dosage 10 mg/kg body weight) and an oral dose of oxytetracycline (40 mg/kg body weight). The blood samples, taken in definite time intervals, were analysed by a microbiological assay. With these results the kinetic parameters and the bioavailability were calculated. The results of the i/v-trials were identical. The kinetic parameters C1 = 14.91 micrograms/ml, lambda 1 = 3.46 h-1, Cz = 7.49 micrograms/ml and lambda z = 0.19 h-1 describe the graph after i/v-application. The calcium content of the feed had no significant influence on the kinetic parameters after p/o-application, but the piglets receiving citric acid showed a significant higher maximum concentration (Cmax). The bioavailability of orally given oxytetracycline was significantly (26%) increased by the citric acid content. In spite of the citric acid the bioavailability only came to 4.9%.
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PMID:[Effect of citric acid and calcium on the bioavailability of orally-administered oxytetracycline in piglets]. 215 Sep 35

It is well known that the bond strength of direct bonding adhesive to etched enamel is dependent upon the formation of resin tags. So it is considered that there is a significant correlation between the bond strength and the length and shape of resin tags. However, there are very few reports on this correlation. In this study, a method of combining halogenated methacrylate and electron-probe microanalyzer (EPMA) was applied for measurement of resin tag length in order to investigate the correlation between the bond strength and resin tag length. Two experimental light cured adhesives were prepared for this study. One (CI-U) was prepared by blending microfiller (30 wt%) to the mixture of di (1-methacryloyl-oxyethyl-2-chloromethyl)-2,2,4-trimethylhexamethylene dicarbamate (50 wt%) and triethylene glycol dimethacrylate (TEGDMA: 59 wt%) and the other (Br-B) was prepared by blending microfiller (30 wt%) to the mixture of Bis-GMA (22.2 wt%), TEGDMA (65.9 wt%) and tetrabromobisphenol-A-glycidyl methacrylate (4Br-Bis GMA: 11.9 wt%). Preparation of 2%, 10%, 37%, and 60% phosphoric acid solutions, 2%, 5%, 10%, and 30% maleic acid solutions and 2%, 5%, 10%, and 30% citric acid solutions was carried out for use as etchants. The consistency and the bond strength to etched enamel for the adhesives and the amount of decalcification for the etchants were measured. The etched enamel surfaces, the resin tags on resin surfaces and the interfaces between the resin and enamel were observed with a SEM. The results were as follows: 1) The consistency of Cl-U was higher than that of Br-B. 2) The amount of decalcification was proportional to acid concentration, except for phosphoric acid solution. The amount of decalcification decreased in the order of citric acid solution, maleic acid solution and phosphoric acid solution when the concentration was 2% and 10%. 3) The SEM micrographs revealed that the enamel surface treated with the etchants containing a high concentration of acid was rougher. 4) The bond strength increased with increasing the concentration of the etchants except for the bond strength of Cl-U after being immersed in 37 degrees C water for 30 days and being thermal cycled. The bond strength for Cl-U was reduced greater than that of Br-B by long-term water immersion and thermal cycling.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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PMID:[Relationship between length of resin tag and bond strength of bonding adhesive]. 215 13

1. The cough response to inhalation of citric acid is produced mainly by irritation of the larynx and trachea. Variations in the inspiratory flow rate might lead to changes in deposition of the drug, and consequently in the cough threshold. 2. We have studied the effect of three different inspiratory flow rates in 11 normal, non-smoking subjects (nine males, aged 23-39 years), who inhaled nebulized citric acid (2.5-640 mg/l). The test finished when a cough was produced at each inhalation (cough threshold) or the maximum concentration was reached. 3. The inspiratory flow rate was limited with a fixed resistance and displayed on a screen so that the subjects could reach a constant inspiratory flow rate of 50, 100 and 150 l/min with a submaximal inspiratory effort. 4. The mean (SD) inspiratory flow rates achieved were 51.4 (5.3), 86.2 (16.6) and 134.4 (22.9) l/min. Baseline forced expiratory volume in 1 s and functional vital capacity were not different on the 3 study days. 5. The cough threshold (geometric mean and 95% confidence intervals) was 21 (9-54) mg/l at an inspiratory flow rate of 50 l/min and 43 (13-141) mg/l at 150 l/min (P less than 0.05). The amount of drug tolerated by the subjects before the cough threshold was achieved was 5.2 (2.0-13.8) mg at an inspiratory flow rate of 50 l/min and 11.6 (3.4-39.8) mg at 150 l/min (P less than 0.05). The number of coughs per inhalation was 1.6 (1.1-2.0) at an inspiratory flow rate of 50 l/min and 1.1 (0.7-1.5) at 150 l/min (P less than 0.05).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Importance of inspiratory flow rate in the cough response to citric acid inhalation in normal subjects. 216 81


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