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Query: T02G6 .1
 572,118 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Phospholipase activity of 10 strains of Bacillus cereus was studied. The most active strain of Bac. cereus--phospholipase producer was selected. A cultivation mixture of Bac. cereus optimal for the phospholipase synthesis was found to include peptone, yeast extract, glucose, NaCl and Na2HPO4. Proper conditions for the synthesis of phospholipase in flasks, 20 l and 250 l fermenters were tested. The maximum increase of the phospholipase activity occurred by the 5-9th hour of microbial growth at pH 6.0-8.0. Further cultivation, foaming, strong aeration, pH increase (over 8.0) reduced the accumulated activity. By fractionation with (NH4)2SO4, ethanol precipitation, protamine sulphate treatment with subsequent Sephadex G-100 gel filtration phospholipase (EC 3.1.4.3) was purified 300-fold from the culture liquid of Bac. cereus str. 504. The preparation was examined electrophoretically in 7% polyacrylamide gel at alkaline pH. The effect of metal salts and EDTA on phospholipase activity was studied. Thermostability, substrate specificity and pH optimum of purified phospholipase were investigated.
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PMID:[Phospholipase of Bacillus cereus]. 1 9

The concentration of immunoreactive secretin in portal blood and the secretion from the exocrine pancreas were measured during intraduodenal infusion of isotonic or hypertonic saline, isotonic or hypertonic glucose, aminoacids, fat emulsion, or 0.1 mol X 1(-1) hydrochloric acid in 7 anaesthetized pigs. None of these substances, except hydrochloric acid, had any effect on plasma secretin concentration and pancreatic flow rate and bicarbonate output. Plasma secretin concentration rose significantly from 5.6 +/- 2.7 pmol X 1(-1) (mean +/- S.E.M.) to a peak value of 201.2 +/- 80.5 pmol X 1(-1) 15 min after infusion of hydrochloric acid. Pancreatic flow rate and bicarbonate output increased from 0.51 +/- 0.19 ml X h-1 (mean +/- S.E.M.) to 9.85 +/- 2.33 ml X h-1 and from 52 +/- 11 micronmol X h-1 to 1.004 +/- 290 micronmol X h-1, respectively. During intraduodenal introduction of meals with pH adjusted from 1.0 to 7.0 in 4 pigs amylase was secreted at all pH levels. However, only when pH of the meal was 1.0, resulting in an intraduodenal pH from 1.0 to 1.7 during the stimulation, was a significant increase in plasma secretin concentration and pancreatic flow rate observed from 5.5 +/- 2.8 pmol X 1(-1) (mean +/- S.E.M.) to 115.0 +/- 51.2 pmol X 1(-1) and from 0.20 +/- 0.08 ml X h-1 to 6.25 +/- 2.57 ml X h-1, respectively.
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PMID:Plasma secretin concentration in anaesthetized pigs after intraduodenal glucose, fat, aminoacids, or meals with various pH. 1 53

Responses of Rhizoctonia solani to herbicides in soil cultures were assessed by measuring soil enzyme activity and other growth-related factors. Both beta-galactosidase (EC 3.2.1.23) and phosphatase (EC 3.1.3.1.3.1.3.2) activities were highly correlated with amounts of mycelium in soil. Both enzyme activities were reduced significantly by either fluometuron or prometryn at 40 microgram/g of soil; the pathogen was more distinctly suppressed by fluometron and showed a stronger tendency to overcome the effects of prometryn with time. Inhibition was also reflected in reduced ultilization of glucose and less CO2-C evolved. Except for an increase in beta-galactosidase activity in the presence of 1 microgram fluometuron, low levels of either herbicide had little effect on the pathogen.
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PMID:Effects of the herbicides fluometuron and prometryn of Rhizoctonia solani in soil cultures. 1 60

Vibrio parahaemolyticus cells were injured by chilling and heating, and their recovery was tested in glucose-salt-Teepol broth (GSTB), tryptic soy broth containing 7% NaCl (TSBS), Horie - arabinose - ethyl violet broth (HAEB), and water blue - alizarin yellow broth (WBAY). Exponential phase cells were more sensitive to cold shock than were stationary phase cells. Exposure of chill-injured V. parahaemolyticus to GSTB and TSBS resulted in 70 to 80% death; about 70% lethality was noted for heat-injured cells inoculated into TSBS. Neither HAEB nor WBAY enrichment media were lethal to stressed cells, although rates of growth were retarded. The 3% NaCl in 0.1 M potassium phosphate (pH 7.0) diluent proved to be most suitable for protecting against inactivation of cold- and heat-injured cells.
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PMID:Suitability of some enrichment broths and diluents for enumerating cold- and heat-stressed Vibrio parahaemolyticus. 1 61

The activity of the hexose monophosphate shunt was studied in myocytes obtained from the ventricles of normal, adult, male rats. When myocytes were incubated in buffer containing either 1-14C- or 6-14C-labeled glucose the ratio of C-1/C-6 14CO2 evolved was essentially unity. The addition of plasma levels of amino acids did not alter this finding. If, however, a competitive substrate (pyruvate, octanoate, acetate, or lactate) was present, in sufficient quantity to lower the oxidation of glucose to approximately 20% of the control, the C-1/C-6 14CO2 ratio rose to values between 1.3 and 2.1. This ratio was dependent on the concentration of the competitive substrate, which was dependent on the buffer system. The data indicates that the hexose monophosphate shunt is active in the heart because it can be demonstrated when a substrate, which competes with glucose for oxidation, is present. The presence of competing substrates parallels the situation occuring in vivo.
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PMID:Hexose monophosphate shunt in isolated cardiac myocytes from normal rats. 1 14

Glucose when present as a sole organic carbon source in a mineral salts medium is dissimilated by Caulobacter crescentus ATCC 15252 (strain CB-2) by the Entner-Doudoroff pathway throughout the culture cycle (exponential, transition, and stationary phase). Most of the available glucose that is present at the onset of exponential growth is assimilated by the cells during the transition phase or the period associated with stalk cell development. Swarmer cell development is minimized during this phase. During this same period the pH drops from 6.1 to 4.9 as a result of an abundant excretion of acetic acid. Simultaneously, poly-beta-hydroxybutyrate accumulates within the cells at an accelerated rate. An NADP-dependent glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase is also present throughout the culture cycle which subsumes the presence of the subsequent enzymes of the Embden-Meyerhof-Parnas pathway in pyruvate formation. An operative tricarboxylic acid cycle is associated with cells throughout the culture cycle.
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PMID:Pathway of glucose catabolism in Caulobacter crescentus. 1 52

Small-bore ("Autozyme") tubes with immobilized enzymes at the inner wall have been developed and studied for application in the Technicon "SMAC" high-speed continuous-flow biochemical analyzer. Tubes coated with glucose oxidase (D-glucose:oxygen oxidoreductase, EC 1.1.3.4) have been prepared for the assay of glucose, with colorimetric assay of the hydrogen peroxide produced; tubes coated with glycerol kinase (ATP:glycerol phosphotransferase, EC 2.7.1.30) for the enzymatic assay of triglycerides; tubes coated with hexokinase (ATP:D-hexose-6-phosphotransferase, EC 2.7.1.1) and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (D-glucose-6-phosphate:NAD+ oxidoreductase EC 1.1.1.49) for the measurement of ATP, an intermediate product in assays for creatine kinase. With use of 10-15 cm lengths of Autozyme tube and SMAC hydraulics (150 samples per hour), assay sensitivity and carryover were similar to values for the corresponding free-enzyme methods. These immobilized enzymes were sufficiently stable for one to eight weeks of continuous use before replacemnt. We conclude that suitable bound-enzyme tubes can replace either single or multiple free-enzyme reagents in many continuous-flow assays at high sampling rates.
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PMID:Continuous-flow analysis for glucose, triglycerides, and ATP with immobilized enzymes in tubular form. 1 65

A permanent cell line C2M of mouse melanoma B16 was highly melanized in a modified Eagle's MEM supplemented with 10% calf serum, when the medium contained 1 mM galactose and 10 mM pyruvate instead of 5.5 mM glucose. The activity of the key anzyme for melanogenesis, tyrosinase (EC 1.14.18.1), of living cells cultured in the galactose-pyruvate medium was consistently 27 times higher than that of cells in normal MEM. This high level of tyrosinase activity was maintained in the stationary phase, in contrast to the activity of cells in normal medium, which decreased sharply in the stationary phase. It seems likely that tyrosinase activity is suppressed by the presence of glucose rather than stimulated by galactose. This modified medium should be useful obtaining a high level of tyrosinase activity in living cells in culture and in cell-free extracts.
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PMID:Effects of sugars on melanogenesis in cultured melanoma cells. 1 84

The aim of the present investigation was to examine the fetal and maternal blood glucose and insulin response following glucose infusion to the mother. The studies were performed on 11 primigravid patients with a gestational age of 38-40 weeks during the first stage of labor. Glucose was given intravenously by a bolus injection of 330 mg/kg body weight, followed by a glucose infusion of 27.5 mg/kg/min for 60 min. Glucose concentration, immuno-reactive insulin (IRI), pH and base excess of the maternal and fetal blood were measured before and during maternal glucose load. Maternal blood glucose rose within 10 min. up to 280.0 mg% (SD 25.9). This level could be fairly maintained throughout the experiment. The maternal glucose was after 60 min. infusion 326.5 mg% (SD 46.9). Fetal glucose concentration rose continuously from 65.8 mg% (SD 5.8) at control to 249.2 mg% (SD 23.3) after 60 min. The increase of maternal and fetal glucose was associated with an elevation of immuno-reactive insulin (IRI). The maternal insulin was 24.0 micronU/ml (SD 8.0). It was scattered over a wide range (55.4 micronU/ml-217.1 micronU/ml) after 60 min. glucose infusion. The fetal insulin was 17.0 micronU/ml (SD 5.2) at control and rose by 86.5% (SD 80.5) after 60 min. glucose load. One case of a mother with a subclinical diabetes mellitus deviated where the fetal insulin rose from 26.0 micronU/ml at control to 215.6 micronU/ml after 60 min. infusion. The increase of insulin per glucose rise was correlated to fetal body weight. During glucose infusion to the mother of both, fetal and maternal, acid base parameters remained unchanged. From these observations it may be concluded that in the human fetus insulin secretion following a single glucose load is generally low, however, it increases in cases where the maternal insulin response to glucose load is abnormal. This might be related to a chronic stimulation by glucose of the fetal pancreatic islet cells in poorly controlled diabetic and possibly prediabetic patients.
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PMID:Fetal and maternal blood glucose, insulin and acid base observations following maternal glucose infusion. 1 72

Cellulases (EC 3.2.1.4) of a Cytophaga species WTHC 2421 (ATCC 29474) were found in the soluble portion of the cell (the periplasm and the cytoplasm) and on the membrane. Cell-free cellulases were not found. Most of the carboxymethylcellulase activity associated with reduction of viscosity was membrane bound, whereas most of the carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) saccharifying activity was soluble. The CMC-saccharifying activity was increased 534 X by purification procedures which included ammonium sulfate precipitation and molecular exclusion chromatography with Sephadex G-75 and Biogel p-100. Periplasmic carboxymethycellulase had a molecular weight of 6250 and cytoplasmic carboxymethylcellulase had a molecular weight of 8650. Analytical ultracentrifugation of the periplasmic carboxymethylcellulase (CMCase) indicated that it had a low molecular density. The chromatographic fraction containing periplasmic CMCase also contained enzyme activity against crystalline cellulose. The activity against crystalline cellulose was 238 X higher than the activity shown by the whole cell. The reaction of the enzyme with either CMC or dewaxed cotton produced only glucose. The enzyme was slightly inhibited by the presence of 0.01% (w/v) glucose, lactose, or cellobiose, but it was not affected by sucrose, and exhibited increased activity in the presence of xylose and fructose.
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PMID:The cellulase system of a Cytophaga species. 2 Feb 17


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