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Query: KEGG:D06457 (HCG)
 2,659 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Infertility in subjects affected by undesceded testis occurs in from 25 to 100% of the cases according to the various Authors. This depends on whether one or both gonads are concerned and on the age when medical and/or surgical treatment of the condition was begun. Our study was made in two successive periods: first we studied the secretory causes of infertility by examining some histological parameters, (MTD, IFT), and endocrinological ones, (basal testosterone and then after HCG, basal gonadotropin and then after GnRH) in 43 subjects of ages ranging between 2 and 13 years who are affected by uni- or bilateral maldescension. We then analysed the excretory causes of infertility and classified and interpreted 108 epididymo-testicular malformations out of a total of 144 undescended testis observed during our last year of work. We conclude that from a histological point of view, from the third year after birth there is a steady progressive reduction in the tubular fertility index in undescended testis compared to scrotal testis. There is no significant reduction, however, in the mean tubular diameter up to the prepubertal phase. From the endocrinological point of view, we found a normal LH secretion and hypertonia in the pituitary secretion of FSH in bilateral maldescension, not found, however, in unilateral maldescension. Finally, anomalies concerning the epididymo-testicular relationship are found in 75% of undescended testis and of these 36% have a definite effect on infertility of the excretory type.
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PMID:Epididymo-testicular anomalies in the undescended testis. How important is their effect on infertility? 612 82

Paired urine and blood samples from 111 women attending endocrine infertility clinics in Vancouver, Canada, were used to compare the validity of the beta-Neocept test for early pregnancy against that of the plasma human chorionic gonadotropin beta-subunit radioimmunoassay (beta-HCG-RIA). None of the urine specimens contained glucose, 1 specimen contained 1 + protein measured by dipstick, and 1 contained a large amount of blood. 67 patients were pregnant and 44 were not pregnant. Beta-Neocept test results were positive for 59 pregnant patients, negative for 8 pregnant patients, positive for 3 nonpregnant patients, and negative for 41 nonpregnant patients. There were 62 positive and 49 negative tests. Results with the Beta-Neocept test became positive as early as the 28th day after the onset of the last menstrual period and negative results occurred with plasma beta-HCG levels ranging between 5 and 157 IU/1. The sensitivity of the Beta-Neocept test was 88%, the specificity 93%, the positive predictive value 95%, the negative predictive value 84%, and the overall accuracy 90%. The 8 false-negative results all occurred at low plasma beta-HCG levels. The false-negatives occurred in 1 patient on no medication, 1 taking clomiphene citrate and prednisone, 1 taking gonadotropin releasing hormone (GRH), 1 taking human menopausal gonadotropin and human chorionic gonadotropin, 1 taking GRH and bromocriptine mesylate, 1 taking clomiphene citrate alone, and 2 taking clomiphene citrate and progesterone vaginal inserts. The 3 false-positive results occurred in 2 patients using progesterone vaginal inserts for luteal-phase support and 1 who was taking clomiphene citrate. The results indicate that the Beta-Neocept test is sensitive and specific, and would be an appropriate initial test for patients with a high probability of pregnancy. The beta-HCG-RIA could be reserved for patients in whom the results of the less expensive and less difficult Beta-Neocept were inconsistent with clinical signs and symptoms.
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PMID:Evaluation of the beta-Neocept test for early pregnancy. 620 35

The program for in vitro fertilization at Bourn Hall began in October 1980. Various types of infertility have been treated during this time using the natural menstrual cycle or stimulation of follicular growth with antiestrogens and gonadotrophins. Follicular growth and maturation are assayed by urinary estrogens and LH, monitored regularly during the later follicular stage. Many patients had an endogenous LH surge; others needed an injection of HCG to induce ovulation. All oocytes were recovered by laparoscopy. Wide variations occurred in the time interval between the start of the LH surge and oocyte recovery and between oocyte recovery and insemination. Embryos taken between the one- and the eight-cell stage were replaced into their mother, no standard procedure being adopted for all patients. The results of all treatments including patient's responses during the follicular and luteal phases, oocyte recovery, fertilization, cleavage, replacement, implantation, abortion, and birth and the effect of factors such as replacing two or more embryos, maternal age, and previous obstetric history are described in detail. The incidence of implantation after embryo replacement improved from 16.5% initially to 30% currently. More than 118 babies have been born, and many pregnancies are continuing.
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PMID:Factors influencing the success of in vitro fertilization for alleviating human infertility. 624 59

Fourteen patients, aged 22-35 years, complaining of infertility and failing to ovulate on clomiphene, were treated with GnRH administered in pulses at 90 min intervals. Four patients received a total of eight courses of GnRH given subcutaneously and 13 were given a total of 20 months of treatment with GnRH given intravenously. Serum concentrations of immunoreactive GnRH were measured in six patients before administration of the drug and at regular intervals for 60 min after subcutaneous and intravenous injections of 5, 10 and 20 micrograms GnRH. Maximum concentrations of GnRH were reached by 5-10 min after subcutaneous injections and within 2 min after intravenous injections. The peak concentrations were 3.6-6.3 times and the sums of increments were 2.0-3.9 times greater following intravenous injections than after subcutaneous injections. Subcutaneous treatments extended for 15-29 days with doses of 5-20 micrograms per pulse. Only one patient ovulated as judged by the luteal phase progesterone and ultrasonic scanning of the follicle. Intravenous treatments were from 12-22 days with doses of 10 micrograms per pulse and 16 treatments out of 20 were ovulatory with four pregnancies. HCG (5000 i.u.) was given when ultrasonic scanning indicated adequate follicular growth, but in eight of the cycles, including three of the pregnancies, the follicle had ruptured before HCG was given. Pulsatile administration of GnRH proved to be an effective treatment for infertility in hypogonadotrophic hypogonadism. Possible reasons for the better results by intravenous rather than subcutaneous injections are discussed.
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PMID:Pulsatile administration of GnRH for the treatment of hypogonadotrophic hypogonadism. 638 64

Ultrasound provides precise measurement of follicular growth and thus is important in the diagnosis and treatment of infertility in women. It is also important in in vitro fertilization and in the treatment of women undergoing ovulation induction with HMG-HCG. Plasma E2 and ultrasound are complementary techniques.
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PMID:Ultrasound in the management of infertility. 640 54

The effectiveness of gonadotrophin treatment was studied in pathospermic patients. In the treatment of 10, 478 and 184 infertile men, Anthrogon, Choriogonin and Pergonal + HCG, respectively, were applied. Improvement of the spermiogram is anticipated especially when the pre-treatment plasma FSH level is low or normal. No success could be expected in hypergonadotrophic cases. Gonadotrophin treatment is not effective when infertility is due to genetic, mechanical, vascular or infectious diseases.
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PMID:Gonadotrophin treatment of pathospermic patients. 643 65

In vitro fertilization was studied in human egg cells obtained by laparoscopy. In 1979 our studies included 65 women with long term infertility and proven tubal factor infertility. The primary diagnostic laparoscopy established disease of uterus, tubes and ovaries and was used to correct pathology. Lysis of adhesions was used to make aspiration of a spontaneous mature follicle for in vitro fertilization easier. The aspiration laparoscopy was performed after stimulation with HMG and HPG. Our prerequisite was the presence of at least one ovary with ovulatory cycles. In almost all cases the ovaries wer accessible only following lysis of ovarian and tubal adhesions. Aspiration of the follicle was successful in 55 of the patients stimulated with HMG/HCG. In 10 cases no follicle for aspiration was available. In 21 cases one egg cell was found. In 11 cases more than one egg cell was found. The maximum was 8 egg cells in one patient. In 34 patients only cumulus cells were aspirated following stimulation. Under the in vitro fertilization conditions described in this paper it was possible to obtain twice a pro-nucleus formation, twice the two cell and twice the four cell stage following conjugation with sperm of the partner. Of the 47 patients with a tubal occlusion, 30 were isthmic or utero-isthmic and 17 tubal occlusions were peripheral. In 15 patients chromo-tubation showed recanalization.
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PMID:[First results of in vitro fertilization in the human (author's transl)]. 645 72

IVF may be used for diagnostic or therapeutic reasons. In patients with idiopathic infertility IVF may distinguish between defects in the spermatozoa or oocyte. At present IVF and ET offers patients with either tubal or idiopathic infertility only a small chance of becoming pregnant (4 to 13 per cent). General application of IVF and ET will be determined by future success rates and incidence of fetal malformation. Selection, preparation and management of patients requires a specialized team, meticulous attention to detail and intense work. The results at four steps in the procedure can be analysed: the rate of oocyte collection is 85 to 90 per cent, the rate of fertilization, 80 to 90 per cent, the rate of embryo development, 50 to 70 per cent, and the pregnancy rate per laparoscopy, 4 to 13 per cent. The factors determining success are not known. The collection of mature oocytes, the use of particular culture media and ease of embryo transfer are important. There are advantages in using clomiphene citrate HCG stimulation rather than the natural cycle. Pregnancy has occurred despite factors thought to be deleterious to IVF: general anaesthesia, carbon dioxide pneumoperitoneum, prolonged anaesthesia before oocyte collection and bleeding before or after ET. Ethical and legal aspects of IVF and ET require consideration by the community, legal profession and religious groups, and suitable guidelines need to be established for scientists and doctors.
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PMID:Extracorporeal fertilization and embryo transfer. 645 3

Strict selection of patients is of paramount importance with a view to obtaining optimum results in the treatment of infertile men with gonadotrophins (HMG/HCG). The use of algorithmic tables permits the exclusion of cases of primary orchiopathy, or of genetic or other causes of infertility independent of the endocrine system. Within the scope of a retrospective study this paper gives an account of the results obtained with gonadotrophin therapy in 25 men presenting severe oligozoospermia. The patients had been selected according to the above-mentioned algorithmic schedule, and their serum levels of FSH, LH and testosterone were determined before and after GNRH stimulation. The present study establishes criteria for the selection of such patients as can be treated successfully with gonadotrophin.
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PMID:[Gonadotrophin therapy (author's transl)]. 679 12

A midluteal (five to ten days before the onset of the next period) single serum progesterone measurement, used routinely to assess luteal function, revealed, in 48 infertile women, values lower than 10 to 15 ng/ml. Clomid alone or with human chorionic gonadotropin (HGC) was used in their treatment. Twenty-six (58%) women successfully conceived on Clomid or Clomid and HCG. Progesterone measurements before and during treatment showed that values of midluteal progesterone increased from a pretreatment mean of +/- SD of 9.0 +/- 5.9 to 27.3 +/- 10.3 ng/ml during conception cycles. The single progesterone measurement at midluteal phase is a useful guide in the management of ovulatory infertility.
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PMID:Single midluteal progesterone assay in the management of ovulatory infertility. 721 23


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