Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound   Target Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound

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Query: KEGG:D04166 (FeCl3)
1,389 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Hearts from rats aged 3 months and 24 months respectively were isolated and subjected to a brief ischemia. The extent of myocardial injury, measured by release of creatine phosphokinase into coronary effluents and by developed tension, was greater in the young rats than in the old when compared with their corresponding non-ischemic controls. The amount of peroxidation, measured in the isolated mitochondria using the malondialdehyde method, was also greater in the younger rats. In contrast, when mitochondria from non-ischemic hearts were incubated for 20 minutes in a medium containing FeCl3, NADPH and ADP, known to generate hydroxyl radicals, significant peroxidation (together with a decrease in respiratory control indices) was obtained only from mitochondria isolated from the older rats. If, as the in vitro results suggest, the mitochondria of the old rats are not less sensitive to peroxidative attack, the difference between the effects of ischemia in the two age groups may be due to a lower rate of formation of reactive species of oxygen or to a greater anti-oxidative cytosolic capacity in the hearts of older rats. Alternatively, the overall oxidative stress following ischemia may be due to the effects of different radicals which target different parts of the mitochondrial membrane.
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PMID:Influence of age on oxidative damage in mitochondria of ischemic and reperfused rat hearts. 210 93

Bleomycin was aerobically incubated with FeCl3, NADPH, isolated rat-liver microsomal cytochrome P-450 reductase and methional. The conversion of methional to ethene, which indicates oxy radicals, was determined. Ethene formation depended on oxygen, NADPH, FeCl3 and the enzyme. About equimolar concentrations of bleomycin and FeCl3 resulted in optimal ethene formation. Dimethyl sulfoxide, mannitol, glycerol, glutathione and glutathione disulfide inhibited ethene formation. These results indicate that oxy radicals are formed after reduction of the bleomycin-Fe-complex by NADPH-cytochrome P-450 reductase.
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PMID:Oxy radical formation during redox cycling of the bleomycin-iron (III) complex by NADPH-cytochrome P-450 reductase. 241 62

Aerobic incubations of bleomycin, FeCl3, DNA, NADPH, and isolated liver microsomal NADPH-cytochrome P-450 reductase resulted in NADPH and oxygen consumption and malondialdehyde formation, indicating that the deoxyribose moiety of DNA was split. All parameters measured depended on the active enzyme, bleomycin and FeCl3. In the absence of oxygen malondialdehyde formation was very low. When bleomycin, FeCl3 and the reductase were incubated with methional ethene (ethylene) was formed, suggesting that during the enzyme-catalyzed redox cycle of bleomycin-Fe(III/II) hydroxyl radicals were formed. Ethene formation also depended on oxygen, NADPH, the enzyme, bleomycin, and FeCl3. During aerobic incubations of bleomycin, FeCl3, NADPH, and isolated liver nuclei oxygen and NADPH were consumed and malondialdehyde was formed. Oxygen and NADPH consumption and malondialdehyde formation depended on bleomycin and FeCl3. In the absence of oxygen malondialdehyde was not formed. These results indicate that nuclear NADPH-cytochrome P-450 reductase redox cycles the bleomycin-Fe(III/II) complex and that the reduced complex activates oxygen, whereby hydroxyl radicals are formed which damage the deoxyribose of nuclear DNA.
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PMID:Oxygen radical formation and DNA damage due to enzymatic reduction of bleomycin-Fe(III). 244 82

Isolated rat liver nuclei were incubated aerobically with bleomycin (BLM) and FeCl3 in the presence of NADH. An increase in NADH and oxygen consumption was observed accompanied by DNA cleavage as shown by gel electrophoresis. Malondialdehyde (MDA) was also formed, which partly derived from DNA indicating an oxidative cleavage mechanism. BLM and NADH were obligatory to provide these effects, whereas FeCl3 could be omitted, without a complete loss of the activities mentioned above. This was explained by the presence of some iron in the nuclei. NADPH was consumed to a lesser extent compared to NADH and was less effective with respect to O2 consumption and MDA formation. It could be excluded that mitochondrial or microsomal contaminations in nuclear preparations were responsible for the effects observed. The results suggest that the BLM-Fe(III)-complex can be repeatedly reduced (redox cycled) by NADH- (and NADPH-) dependent reductases of liver nuclei to BLM-Fe(II) which is known to form reactive oxygen species and to damage DNA. It is concluded that the enzymatic reduction of a BLM-metal complex in the cell nucleus may be an essential step in the cytotoxic activity of bleomycin.
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PMID:Redox cycling of bleomycin-Fe(III) by an NADH-dependent enzyme, and DNA damage in isolated rat liver nuclei. 244 49

When NADPH-cytochrome P-450 reductase isolated from rat liver microsomes was aerobically incubated with bleomycin, FeCl3, NADPH and DNA parallel NADPH and oxygen were consumed and malondialdehyde was formed. A similar parallelism of NADPH- and oxygen-consumption and malondialdehyde formation was observed when cell nuclei isolated from rat liver were incubated under the same conditions. The formation of malondialdehyde which was identified by HPLC and which was most likely released from oxidative cleavage of deoxyribose of nuclear DNA required oxygen, bleomycin, FeCl3 and NADPH. This indicates that a nuclear NADPH-enzyme, presumably NADPH-cytochrome P-450 reductase, is able to redox cycle a bleomycin-iron-complex which in the reduced form can activate oxygen to a DNA-damaging reactive species. The data suggest that the activity of this enzyme in the cell nucleus could play an important role in the cytotoxicity of bleomycin in tumor cells.
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PMID:Liver nuclear NADPH-cytochrome P-450 reductase may be involved in redox cycling of bleomycin-Fe(III), oxy radical formation and DNA damage. 246 31

The characteristics of hydroperoxide activation of 5-lipoxygenase were examined in the high speed supernatant fraction prepared from rat polymorphonuclear leukocytes. Stimulation of 5-lipoxygenase activity by the 5-hydroperoxyeicosatetraenoic acid (5-HPETE) reaction product was strongly dependent on the presence of thiol compounds. Various reducing agents such as mercaptoethanol and glutathione (0.5-2 mM) inhibited the reaction and increased the concentrations of 5-HPETE (1-10 microM) necessary to achieve maximal arachidonic acid oxidation. The requirement for 5-HPETE was not specific and could be replaced by H2O2 (10 microM) but not by the 5-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (5-HETE) analogue. Furthermore, gel filtration chromatography of the soluble extract from leukocytes resolved different fractions which can increase the hydroperoxide dependence or fully replace the stimulation by 5-HPETE. Maximal activity of the 5-HPETE-stimulated reaction required Ca2+ ions (0.2-1 mM) and ATP with the elimination of the HPETE requirement at high ATP concentrations (2-4 mM). In addition, NADPH (1-2 mM), FAD (1 mM), Fe2+ ions (20-100 microM) and chelated Fe3+ (0.1 mM-EDTA/0.1 mM-FeCl3) all markedly increased product formation by 5-lipoxygenase whereas NADH (1 mM) was inhibitory and Fe3+ (20-100 microM) alone had no effect on the reaction. The stimulation by Fe2+ ions and NADPH was also observed under various conditions which increase the hydroperoxide dependence such as pretreatment of the enzyme preparation with glutathione peroxidase or chemical reduction with 0.015% NaBH4. These results provide evidence for an hydroperoxide activation of 5-lipoxygenase which is not product-specific and is modulated by thiol levels and several soluble components of the leukocytes. They also indicate that stimulation of 5-lipoxygenase activity can contribute to increase lipid peroxidation in iron and nucleotide-promoted reactions.
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PMID:Stimulation of 5-lipoxygenase activity under conditions which promote lipid peroxidation. 251 7

The glutamine synthetase of Neurospora crassa, either purified or in cell extracts, was inactivated by ascorbate plus FeCl3 and by H2O2 plus FeSO4. The inactivation reaction was oxygen dependent, inhibited by MnCl2 and EDTA, and stimulated in cell extracts by sodium azide. This inactivation could also be brought about by adding NADPH to the cell extract. The alpha and beta polypeptides of the active glutamine synthetase were modified by these inactivating reactions, giving rise to two novel acidic polypeptides. These modifications were observed with the purified enzyme, with cell extracts, and under in vivo conditions in which glutamine synthetase is degraded. The modified glutamine synthetase was more susceptible to endogenous phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride-insensitive proteolytic activity, which was inhibited by MnCl2 and stimulated by EDTA. The possible physiological relevance of enzyme oxidation is discussed.
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PMID:Oxidation of Neurospora crassa glutamine synthetase. 287 2

Glutathione (GSH) is known to play an important role in protecting cells against oxidative stress. The present study was undertaken to assess the ability of GSH to protect isolated rat liver nuclei against NADPH-induced peroxidation. Nuclei were isolated from rat liver homogenates by discontinuous sucrose gradient centrifugation, and lipid peroxidation was induced by 1.7 mM ADP, 0.11 mM EDTA, 0.1 mM FeCl3, and either 1 mM NADPH or 0.5 mM ascorbate. The amount of lipid peroxidation was determined by measuring the formation of thiobarbituric acid-reactive products and the disappearance of lipid unsaturated fatty acid moieties. The addition of GSH (0.1 to 1.0 mM) produced a concentration-dependent lag period prior to the onset of lipid peroxidation. This GSH-induced lag period was abolished by pretreatment of nuclei with trypsin, thiol modifying reagents, disulfides, or heating nuclei at 60 degrees C for 15 min. Nuclei which were incubated with GSH also catalyzed the conversion of cumene hydroperoxide to cumyl alcohol. Similarly, this activity was also inhibited by thiol modifying reagents, disulfides, and heating nuclei at 60 degrees C for 15 min. The data suggest that a GSH-dependent peroxidase activity is associated with rat liver nuclear membranes which are capable of inhibiting lipid peroxidation.
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PMID:Characterization of glutathione-dependent inhibition of lipid peroxidation of isolated rat liver nuclei. 334 68

The mutagenic activity of quercetin for Salmonella typhimurium TA98 was inhibited by addition of metal salts. MnCl2 was a potent inhibitor, followed by CuCl2, FeSO4, and FeCl3, the probable mechanism being facilitated catalytic oxidation of quercetin. With quercetin incorporated at a level of 100 nmoles/plate, approximate doses (nmoles/plate) to give 50% inhibition of mutagenic activity were: MnCl2 less than 10 (-S9), 18 (+S9); CuCl2 65 (-S9), greater than 100 (+S9); FeSO4 190 (-S9), greater than 300 (+S9); or FeCl3 275 (-S9), greater than 300 (+S9). Ascorbate, superoxide dismutase, and, to a lesser extent, NADH and NADPH, all enhanced the mutagenic activity of quercetin in the absence of the mammalian-microsome (S9) system, but had no significant effect in the presence of the S9 mix. The maximum enhancement of activity by ascorbate or superoxide dismutase was approximately 87% of the increase achieved by addition of the S9 mix. Tyrosinase (catechol oxidase) substantially reduced the mutagenic activity of quercetin in the absence of the S9 mix. At lower levels of tyrosinase, activity was restored by incorporation of the S9 mix. It is proposed that the S9 mix enhances the mutagenic activity of quercetin by scavenging superoxide radicals, thus inhibiting the autoxidation of quercetin, and possibly by reducing quinone oxidation products of quercetin. The mutagenic activity of quercetin increased substantially when the pH of the media was decreased. This may be due in part to a decrease in ionization of quercetin at lower pH, thereby increasing its absorption by the tester strain, to a decrease in the rate of autoxidation of quercetin at lower pH, or to a combination of these.
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PMID:Factors affecting the mutagenic activity of quercetin for Salmonella typhimurium TA98: metal ions, antioxidants and pH. 391 57

Cytochrome c synthetase in yeast mitochondria catalyzes the formation of a yeast cytochrome c-like species from the apoprotein and hemin (Basile, G., DiBello, C., and Taniuchi, H. (1980) J. Biol. Chem. 255, 7181-7191). To test the specificity of this enzyme, 125I-labeled horse apocytochrome c was incubated with the yeast mitochondrial fraction in the presence of hemin, NADPH, and an ethanol extract of the postmitochondrial fraction. A radioactive 125I-labeled cytochrome c-like species was formed in yields of up to 26%. This 125I-labeled species is indistinguishable from horse cytochrome c by ion exchange chromatography (under the conditions which allow separation of horse and yeast cytochrome c), resistance in its reduced form to digestion by trypsin, resistance against autoxidation, reduction by cytochrome b2, and generation of the apoprotein after treatment with silver sulfate and dithiothreitol. With unlabeled horse apoprotein and [59Fe]hemin, the yield of a [59Fe-labeled horse cytochrome c-like species was up to 7% with respect to the apoprotein incubated. The yield of the 59Fe-labeled species was not altered by the addition of unlabeled FeCl3. Conversely, synthesis of the 59Fe-labeled species was not detectable after incubation of yeast mitochondria with unlabeled horse apoprotein, unlabeled hemin, and 59FeCl3. The formation of both 125I- and 59Fe-labeled cytochrome c-like species was sensitive to heat. Thus, we conclude that cytochrome c synthetase catalyzes direct bonding of heme (or hemin) to the apoprotein. Since the amino acid sequences of horse and yeast cytochromes c differ considerably, cytochrome c synthetase may recognize only a limited region(s) of the apoprotein.
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PMID:Formation of a cytochrome c-like species from horse apoprotein and hemin catalyzed by yeast mitochondrial cytochrome c synthetase. 626 48


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