Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: KEGG:D04052 (Xylocaine)
 213 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Airway reflexes are difficult to study in conscious animals because associated changes in ventilation alter intrathoracic airway dimensions. By studying an isolated segment of extrathoracic trachea, we have overcome this problem. In each of 2 dogs, we created surgically an isolated tracheal segment just below the larynx, sealed at one end and tapered at the other to a 3-mm opening via a skin fistula. A chronic tracheostomy was also created near the thoracic outlet. We monitored intraluminal pressure (Pseg) of the isolated segment to reflect changes in smooth muscle tone. During anesthesia, with pentobarbital, gentle mechanical stimulation of the carina, deflation of the lungs, and asphyxia for one min increased Pseg (+9 to +/- 16 cm H2O). Lung inflation and alveolar hyperventilation decreased Pseg (-9 to -16 cm H2O). Five breaths of 2 per cent histamine aerosol increased Pseg (+5 cm H2O) when resting tone was normal. We also coated lumen of the isolated segment with tantalum powder and documented roentgenologically changes in the size of the segment that reflected changes in smooth muscle tone; constriction and dilation in response to asphyxia and lung inflation, respectively, were demonstrated directly by this technique. In conscious dogs, lung inflation decreased Pseg, and carinal stimulation increased Pseg. Instillation of lidocaine hydrochloride (Xylocaine) into the isolated tracheal segment blocked cough caused by mechanical stimulation of the segment, but carinal stimulation still caused constriction of the segment under these conditions which indicated that afferent, but not effrent parasympathetic innervation of the segment had been blocked selectively. Conversely, instillation of atropine sulfate into the isolated tracheal segment blocked constriction of the segment caused by carinal stimulation, but mechanical stimulation of the segment still caused cough under these conditions, which indicated that efferent, but not afferent parasympathetic innervation of the segment had been blocked selectively. We conclude that an innervated extrathoracic tracheal segment constricts and dilates via cholinergic pathways and is suitable for the study of airway reflexes in conscious dogs.
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PMID:A chronic isolated tracheal segment to study airway reflexes in conscious dogs. 46 75

In daily anesthetic practice, the insertion of a Laryngeal Mask--airway is facilitated by means of a lubricant. Many different products are in widespread clinical use, according to personal preference or what's in or on the anesthesia trolley. This study compares four different lubricants: Xylocaine 10% spray, Silkospray, Endosgel and water. When comparing the ease of insertion of the Laryngeal Mask, the genuine lubricants proved to be superior to water. However, no single lubricant was associated with a statistically significant lower incidence of postoperative sore throat.
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PMID:Sore throat with the laryngeal mask: does the lubricant matter? 909 47