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Query: KEGG:D03345 (beta-Galactosidase)
 434 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

We have used a gene trap (GT) vector and embryonic stem (ES) cell chimeras to screen for insertions of the lacZ reporter gene into transcription units that are spatially and temporally regulated during early mouse embryogenesis. GT vectors which can act as both a reporter and a mutagen have been previously used to isolate new genes that are essential for mouse development. In this paper we describe a GT insertion which displays a very restricted pattern of expression in the gastrulating embryo. beta-Galactosidase activity was first detected at 7.5 days post-coitum (E7.5) in the node region of the embryo and extended to the midline structures at E8.0. At E9.5 expression was restricted to the floor plate, the notochord, the roof of the gut, and the liver anlage. Expression appeared in the somites at E10.0 and later became more widespread. We used rapid amplification of cDNA ends-polymerase chain reaction (RACE-PCR) to clone a partial 360 base pair (bp) cDNA representing an endogenous sequence and containing an open reading frame (ORF) fused in frame to the lacZ reporter gene. The sequence showed no homology to any known protein or protein domain. An overlapping 1,200 bp fragment from a wild-type cDNA library was cloned and it detected the same pattern of expression as the reporter gene in E7.5, E8.5, and E9.5 wild-type embryos. It hybridized to a 5.4 kb lacZ fusion transcript and to an endogenous transcript of 6.5 kb. The gene was mapped to chromosome 11 and was named cordon-bleu (cobl). No phenotype was detected in mice homozygous for the insertion. However, the insertion may not cause a complete disruption of the gene function. The pattern of expression of cobl is very similar to that of hepatic nuclear factor 3 beta (HNF3 beta) and sonic hedgehog (Shh), both of which are involved in axial patterning. Therefore, the product of the cobl gene may also prove to be an important component of the genetic pathway regulating vertebrate axis formation.
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PMID:Characterization of a gene trap insertion into a novel gene, cordon-bleu, expressed in axial structures of the gastrulating mouse embryo. 758 55

Developmental patterns of gene expression were determined following intravascular administration of adenovirus in utero, during sequential stages of murine development. Replication-deficient adenovirus (AdCMV.LacZ) was injected into yolk sac vessels of mouse embryos 12, 13, 15 and 18 days post-conception (d.p.c.). beta-Galactosidase (beta-gal) expression was evaluated 24-48 h after injection, at birth, and 5 weeks following normal delivery. Gene expression was detected in myocardial cells, endothelial cells of heart, lung, kidney, adrenal, gut, and in hepatocytes. The patterns of expression were distinct for each stage of virus administration and time-point of analysis. Intensity of individual organ expression varied with injection time-point, with the largest number of organs express- ing the transgene when embryos were injected at 15 d.p.c. beta-Gal activity was detected in only a subset of cells expressing the murine coxsackievirus and adenovirus receptor (CAR), indicating factors other than receptor distribution were responsible for the pattern of transgene expression observed. These studies begin to define critical parameters affecting intravascular gene delivery in utero and indicate that intrinsic developmental regulatory mechanisms may control exogenous gene expression. Intravenous administration of adenovirus provides a unique approach for in utero gene transduction and will be a useful adjunct in evaluating genes which have early lethal mutations.
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PMID:Temporally regulated expression patterns following in utero adenovirus-mediated gene transfer. 1045 33

The forkhead box f1 (Foxf1) transcription factor is expressed in septum transversum mesenchyme and splanchnic (visceral) mesoderm, which give rise to mesenchymal cells of gut-derived organs such as liver, gall bladder, lung, stomach, and intestine. Foxf1 -/- embryos die in utero and haploinsufficiency of the Foxf1 gene resulted in a variety of developmental abnormalities of the lung, gall bladder, esophagus, and trachea and caused defects in liver and lung repair. In this study, we used Foxf1 +/- mouse embryos containing the beta-Galactosidase (beta-Gal) gene knocked into the Foxf1 locus to examine whether Foxf1 is expressed in the developing brain and head region. In addition to previously reported Foxf1 expression patterns, beta-Gal staining was also found in the mesenchyme of developing pituitary gland, eye, pancreas, heart, notochord, genital tubercle, Meckel's cartilage, and cartilage primordia of nasal septum and vertebral bodies. In adult Foxf1 +/- mice, beta-Gal staining was detected in anterior and posterior pituitary gland, astrocytes of the cerebellum and cerebral cortex, lens and retina of the eye, tracheal cartilage, parathyroid, cortical layer of thymus, capsule of the spleen, coronary arteries, and pancreatic blood vessels.
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PMID:The forkhead box F1 transcription factor is expressed in brain and head mesenchyme during mouse embryonic development. 1271 42

Human subjects consumed biscuits containing either galacto-oligosaccharides or fructo-oligosaccharides in a double-blinded, crossover study. The impact of supplementing the diet with three biscuits per day on the fecal microbiota was evaluated by selective culture of particular bacterial groups, measurement of beta-galactosidase activity, and nucleic acid-based analytical methods (PCR-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis [PCR-DGGE] and fluorescent in situ hybridization). The composition of the bifidobacterial populations was monitored at the level of species (PCR-DGGE) and strains (pulsed-field gel electrophoresis of DNA digests), and representative cultures were tested quantitatively for their ability to use galacto-oligosaccharides. Technical improvements to DGGE analysis of the microbiota were made by the use of an internal standard that allowed valid comparisons of fragment staining intensities to be made between profiles, the use of S1 nuclease digestion to remove single-stranded DNA to facilitate cloning of DNA sequences cut from gels, and the extraction of RNA to be used as the template in reverse transcription-PCR-DGGE. RNA-DGGE profiles were markedly different (Dice's similarity coefficient, 58.5%) from those generated by DNA-DGGE. Neither the sizes of the bacterial populations nor the DNA-DGGE profiles of the microbiota were altered by the consumption of the biscuits, but the RNA-DGGE profiles were altered by the detection or increased staining intensity of 16S rRNA gene sequences originating from Bifidobacterium adolescentis and/or Colinsella aerofaciens in the feces of 11 of 15 subjects. beta-Galactosidase activity was elevated in the feces of some subjects as a result of biscuit consumption. Subjects differed in the ability of the bifidobacterial strains harbored in their feces to use galacto-oligosaccharides. Our observations suggest that a phylogenetic approach to analysis of the gut ecosystem may not always be optimal and that a more physiological (biochemical) method might be more informative.
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PMID:Impact of consumption of oligosaccharide-containing biscuits on the fecal microbiota of humans. 1506 5

The secreted metalloprotease ADAMTS5 is implicated in destruction of the cartilage proteoglycan aggrecan in arthritis, but its physiological functions are unknown. Its expression profile during embryogenesis and in adult tissues is therefore of considerable interest. beta-Galactosidase (beta-gal) histochemistry, enabled by a LacZ cassette inserted in the Adamts5 locus, and validated by in situ hybridization with an Adamts5 cRNA probe and ADAMTS5 immunohistochemistry, was used to profile Adamts5 expression during mouse embryogenesis and in adult mouse tissues. Embryonic expression was scarce prior to 11.5 days of gestation (E11.5) and noted only in the floor plate of the developing brain at E 9.5. After E11.5 there was continued expression in brain, especially in the choroid plexus, peripheral nerves, dorsal root ganglia, cranial nerve ganglia, spinal and cranial nerves, and neural plexuses of the gut. In addition to nerves, developing limbs have Adamts5 expression in skeletal muscle (from E13.5), tendons (from E16.5), and inter-digital mesenchyme of the developing autopod (E13.5-15.5). In adult tissues, there is constitutive Adamts5 expression in arterial smooth muscle cells, mesothelium lining the peritoneal, pericardial and pleural cavities, smooth muscle cells in bronchi and pancreatic ducts, glomerular mesangial cells in the kidney, dorsal root ganglia, and in Schwann cells of the peripheral and autonomic nervous system. Expression of Adamts5 during neuromuscular development and in smooth muscle cells coincides with the broadly distributed proteoglycan versican, an ADAMTS5 substrate. These observations suggest the major contexts in which developmental and physiological roles could be sought for this protease.
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PMID:Adamts5, the gene encoding a proteoglycan-degrading metalloprotease, is expressed by specific cell lineages during mouse embryonic development and in adult tissues. 1925 Sep 81