Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: KEGG:D03244 (Kaolin)
 239 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

How do you treat diarrhoea?, questionnaires were sent to 586 health workers in 81 countries and 58% replied. Treatments for acute diarrhoea were scored for popularity, including retrospective questions about therapy three years earlier. Oral rehydration was apparently widely used in 1976, and this had increased by 1979. Intravenous therapy was also important. Kaolin and sulphonamides are becoming less popular, but antibiotics are still widely prescribed. The most commonly used oral rehydration mixtures in 1979 were home made, simple salt-sugar solutions. A complete formula, as recommended by WHO, was used by a smaller number. 30% of the responders reported no difficulty with oral rehydration, but many did not favour the method. The main technical complaint in 28% of replies was that patients could not take enough fluid, and vomiting was reported in 22%. Local beliefs about the cause of diarrhoea related to some food or fluid ingested according to 45% of responders. Such diet-related beliefs may adversely affect the use of oral therapy.
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PMID:A worldwide survey on the treatment of diarrhoeal disease by oral rehydration in 1979. 618 70

This study focuses on the coagulation mechanism by the purified coagulant solution (MOC-SC-PC) with the coagulation active component extracted from M. oleifera seeds using salt solution. The addition of MOC-SC-PC tap water formed insoluble matters. This formation was responsible for kaolin coagulation. On the other hand, insoluble matters were not formed when the MOC-SC-PC was added into distilled water. The formation was affected by Ca2+ or other bivalent cations which may connect each molecule of the active coagulation component in MOC-SC-PC and form a net-like structure. The coagulation mechanism of MOC-SC-PC seemed to be an enmeshment of Kaolin by the insoluble matters with the net-like structure. In case of Ca2+ ion (bivalent cations), at least 0.2 mM was necessary for coagulation at 0.3 mgC l-1 dose of MOC-SC-PC. Other coagulation mechanisms like compression of double layer, interparticle bridging or charge neutralization were not responsible for the coagulation by MOC-SC-PC.
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PMID:Coagulation mechanism of salt solution-extracted active component in Moringa oleifera seeds. 1122 82

Ibuprofen was milled in the solid state with kaolin (hydrated aluminium silicate) in different ratio to examine the extent of transformation from crystalline to amorphous state. The physical stability of the resultant drug was also investigated. X-ray powder diffractometry (XRD) and birefringence by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) studies indicated almost complete amorphization of the drug on ball milling with kaolin at 1:2 ratio. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) data showed a reduction in the absorbance of the free and the hydrogen-bonded acid carbonyl peak of carboxylic acid group accompanied by a corresponding increase in the absorbance of the carboxylate peak, indicating an acid-base reaction between the carboxylic acid containing ibuprofen and kaolin on milling. The extent of amorphization and reduction in the carbonyl peak and increase in carboxylate peak was a function of kaolin concentration in the milled powder. On storage of milled powder (at 40 degrees C and 75% RH for 10 weeks), XRD and birefringence of SEM study showed the absence of reversion to the crystalline state and FTIR data revealed continued reduction of carbonyl peak, whereas, ibuprofen converted from its crystalline acid form to amorphous salt form on milling with kaolin. Kaolin-bound state of ibuprofen was physically stable during storage. In-vitro dissolution studies revealed that percent release of ibuprofen from the kaolin co-milled powder is in the order: 1:2>1:1>1:0.5>1:0.1>milled alone ibuprofen>crystalline ibuprofen.
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PMID:Formation of physically stable amorphous phase of ibuprofen by solid state milling with kaolin. 1766 40

Dispersivity of clay soils is one of the most important issues that should be considered in civil engineering projects. Dispersive soils are clay soils that are easily washed in water with low concentrations of salt; these clay soils usually contain high levels of sodium ions in their adsorption cation sites. Kaolin, sepiolite (fibrous clay), and bentonite soils are among the most important and useful industrial materials. Therefore, in this study, these three clay soils were selected to investigate dispersivity potential by adding 4% of dispersive materials (Sodium hexametaphosphate) and performing shear strength, crumb, double hydrometer, pinhole tests, and chemical experiments. Results indicated a change in the Sodium Adsorption Ratio (SAR) in the following order: kaolin > sepiolite > bentonite. Stabilization practices using chemical methods were done after performing soil divergence with sodium hexametaphosphate. CaCl2, CaSO4, AlCl3, and Al2 (SO4)3 were used for chemical stabilization to assess the effect of ion valence on soil improvement parameters. Results obtained for chemical properties showed that, stabilization potential was in the following order: kaolin > sepiolite > bentonite; meaning that clay soils with lower cation exchange capacity have more remediation potential and are more susceptible to dispersion. The role of calcium and aluminum cations was prominent in improving mechanical and dispersivity properties, respectively. In general, further dispersion potential of clays in the same Na+ concentration was found to be related to a decrease in the cation exchange capacity, specific surface area, and plastic index. Soil dispersion was directly associated with diffuse double layer and electrostatic forces while; soil strength parameters were mainly dependent on cementation and connection of soil particles to each other. Consequently, it was observed that, clay soils with suitable engineering properties (higher strength and compaction or lower Atterberg limits) are more sensitive to dispersion compared to other types of clay with higher CEC and plasticity values.
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PMID:Effect of cations and anions on flocculation of dispersive clayey soils. 3214 May 85