Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: KEGG:D02952 (Anthramycin)
 20 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Anthramycin, tomaymycin and sibiromycin are pyrrolo(1,4)benzodiazepine antitumor antibiotics. These compounds react with DNA and other guanine-containing polydeoxynucleotides to form covalently bound antibiotic - polydeoxynucleotide complexes. Experiments utilizing radiolabelled antibiotics have led to the following conclusions: 1. Sibiromycin reacts much faster than either anthramycin or tomaymycin with DNA. 2. At saturation binding the final antibiotic to base ratios for sibiromycin, anthramycin and tomaymycin are 1 : 8.8,1: 12.9, and 1 : 18.2, respectively. 3. No reaction with RNA or protein occurs with the pyrrolo(1,4)benzodiazepine antibiotics. 4. Sibiromycin effectively competes for the same DNA binding sites as anthramycin and tomaymycin; however, there is only partial overlap for the same binding sites between anthramycin and tomaymycin. 5. Whereas all three pyrrolo(1,4)benzodiazepine antibiotic-DNA complexes are relatively stable to alkaline conditions, their stability under acidic conditions increases in the order tomaymycin, anthramycin and sibiromycin. 6. No loss of non-exchangeable hydrogens in either the pyrrol ring or the side chains of these antibiotics occurs upon formation of their complexes with DNA. 7. Unchanged antibiotic has been demonstrated to be released upon acid treatment of the anthramycin-DNA and tomaymycin-DNA complexes. 8. A Schiff base linkage between the antibiotics and DNA has been eliminated. The comparative reactivity of the three antibiotics towards DNA and the stability of their DNA complexes is discussed in relation to their structures. A working hypothesis for the formation of the antibiotic-DNA covalent complexes is proposed based upon the available information.
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PMID:Pyrrolo(1,4)benzodiazepine antitumor antibiotics. In vitro interaction of anthramycin, sibiromycin and tomaymycin with DNA using specifically radiolabelled molecules. 1 99

Various kinds of DNA damage block the 3' to 5' exonuclease action of both E. coli exonuclease III and T4 DNA polymerase. This study shows that a variety of DNA damage likewise inhibits DNA digestion by lambda exonuclease, a 5' to 3' exonuclease. The processive degradation of DNA by the enzyme is blocked if the substrate DNA is treated with ultraviolet irradiation, anthramycin, distamycin, or benzo[a]-pyrene diol epoxide. Furthermore, as with the 3' to 5' exonucleases, the enzyme stops at discrete sites which are different for different DNA damaging agents. On the other hand, digestion of treated DNA by lambda exonuclease is only transiently inhibited at guanine residues alkylated with the acridine mustard ICR-170. The enzyme does not bypass benzo[a]-pyrene diol epoxide or anthramycin lesions even after extensive incubation. While both benzo[a]-pyrene diol epoxide and ICR-170 alkylate the guanine N-7 position, only benzo[a]-pyrene diol epoxide also reacts with the guanine N-2 position in the minor groove of DNA. Anthramycin and distamycin bind exclusively to sites in the minor groove of DNA. Thus lambda exonuclease may be particularly sensitive to obstructions in the minor groove of DNA; alternatively, the enzyme may be blocked by some local helix distortion caused by these adducts, but not by alkylation at guanine N-7 sites.
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PMID:Lesion selectivity in blockage of lambda exonuclease by DNA damage. 169 29

Anthramycin, tomaymycin, and sibiromycin are members of the pyrrolo[1,4]benzodiazepine [P(1,4)B] antitumor antibiotic group. These drugs bind covalently through N2 of guanine and lie within the minor groove of DNA [Petrusek, R. L., Anderson, G. L., Garner, T. F., Fannin, Q. L., Kaplan, D. J., Zimmer, S. G., & Hurley, L. H. (1981) Biochemistry 20, 1111-1119]. The DNA sequence specificity of the P(1,4)B antibiotics has been determined by a footprinting method using methidiumpropyl-EDTA-iron(II) [MPE.Fe(II)], and the results show that each of the drugs has a two to three base pair sequence specificity that includes the covalently modified guanine residue. While 5'PuGPu is the most preferred binding sequence for the P(1,4)Bs, 5'PyGPy is the least preferred sequence. Footprinting analysis by MPE.Fe(II) reveals a minimum of a three to four base pair footprint size for each of the drugs on DNA with a larger than expected offset (two to three base pairs) on opposite strands to that observed in previous analyses of noncovalently bound small molecules. There is an extremely large enhancement of MPE.Fe(II) cleavage between drug binding sites in AT rich regions, probably indicating a drug-induced change in the conformational features of DNA which encourages interaction with MPE.Fe(II). In the presence of sibiromycin or tomaymycin the normally guanine-specific methylene blue reaction used in Maxam and Gilbert sequencing cleaves at other bases in defined positions relative to the drug binding sites. Finally, modeling studies are used to rationalize the differences and similarities in sequence specificities between the various drugs in the P(1,4)B group and their reactions with DNA.
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PMID:DNA sequence specificity of the pyrrolo[1,4]benzodiazepine antitumor antibiotics. Methidiumpropyl-EDTA-iron(II) footprinting analysis of DNA binding sites for anthramycin and related drugs. 300 24

Anthramycin can form a stable complex with DNA which does not dissociate upon repeated ethanol precipitations. The complex forms in less than one hour at pH 5.5. Bound anthramycin seems to be located in the minor groove of the DNA helix in the anthramycin DNA complex, since methylation of adenosine residues at N-3 by dimethylsulfate is reduced. The anthramycin-DNA complex is resistant to digestion by an excess of a number of restriction enzymes. Anthramycin can be removed from DNA by incubation at acid pH. The released DNA can then be cleaved by restriction enzymes. Anthramycin-DNA complexes can be acted upon by T4 polynucleotide ligase to form longer DNA molecules. The ability of anthramycin to form a stable but reversible complex which is not cleaved by restriction enzymes but can engage in joining reactions may allow a wider variety of DNA fragments to be more readily constructed in vitro.
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PMID:Anthramycin inhibition of restriction endonuclease cleavage and its use as a reversible blocking agent in DNA constructions. 627 25

Anthramycin and mitomycin C (MC) are two DNA reactive drugs, which bind covalently to GC pairs producing different effects on DNA: anthramycin stiffening and MC distorsion. This paper describes experiments in which we have used anthramycin as a probe to sense quantitatively the effects on DNA of MC binding. Saturation binding experiments show that both anthramycin and MC partially inhibit the binding of the other drug to DNA (maximum inhibition by MC and anthramycin, 22.4% and 19.7%, respectively) but by a mechanism other than direct site exclusion. This suggests that MC binds in the major groove of DNA, since anthramycin is known to bind in the minor groove. An abrupt reduction in the binding of anthramycin to DNA-MC complexes occurs between MC binding ratios of 0.030 and 0.035, which parallels and probably results from sudden intensification of a MC-induced DNA conformational change occurring between these binding ratios. Dialysis measurements indicate that anthramycin is very possibly binding at sites distant from MC sites and suggest a clustering of closely bound MC chromophores resulting from possible cooperative binding. S1 nuclease digest experiments demonstrate an initial enhancement of nuclease activity in DNA-MC complexes, the magnitude of which correlates well with the reduction of anthramycin binding, relative to the degree of MC binding. The enhanced nuclease activity in these complexes indicates regions of exposed DNA or helix base distortion which is related to or is the result of conformational change.
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PMID:Anthramycin binding to deoxyribonucleic acid-mitomycin C complexes. Evidence for drug-induced deoxyribonucleic acid conformational change and cooperativity in mitomycin C binding. 679 92

Streptomyces refuineus, the microorganism which produces the DNA reactive antibiotic anthramycin, has shown to possess a quite specific mechanism to survive and grow in the presence of this antibiotic. Stationary phase cells are insensitive to anthramycin since the antibiotic is prevented form entering these cells. However, cells in early log phase are inhibited by concentrations of anthramycin that are later produced by these same cells. Significantly, sibiromycin, a closely related antibiotic, is taken up by cells of S. refuineus independent of the age of the culture. Anthramycin reacts in vitro equally as well as DNA isolated from S. refuineus and other procaryotic and eucaryotic cells. When S. refuineus has reached the production phase the anthramycin is probably biosynthesized outside the cell membrane which also becomes specifically impermeable to anthramycin.
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PMID:Sensitivity and permeability of the anthramycin producing organism Streptomyces refuineus to anthramycin and structurally related antibiotics. 689 48

Anthramycin, an antitumor antibiotic produced by Streptomyces refuineus, produces a well defined covalent adduct with DNA and lies within the narrow groove of DNA, attached through a thermal-labile covalent animal linkage to the exocyclic amino group of guanine, without detectable distortion of the helix (Petrusek, R. L., Anderson, G. L., Garner, T. F., Fannin, Q. L., Kaplan, D. J. Zimmer, S. G., and Hurley, L. H. (1981) Biochemistry 20, 1111-1119). This paper described results in which the biological consequences of DNA damage and repair by repair-proficient and a repair-deficient xeroderma pigmentosum (XP 12RO) cell line are presented. Anthramycin has been shown to produce excision-dependent single and double strand breaks in DNA, both of which appear to persist many hours after removal of the drug from the media. The lower ability of the xeroderma pigmentosum cell line to remove ability of the xeroderma pigmentosum cell line to remove anthramycin lesions from DNA is correlated with a decreased cell survival. The biological consequences of DNA damage (genetic effects, DNA strand breakage, and cytotoxicity) are discussed with respect to the defined structure and stability of the anthramycin-deoxyguanosine adduct.
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PMID:Reaction of anthramycin with DNA. Biological consequences of DNA damage in normal and xeroderma pigmentosum cell. 707 70

The reaction of anthramycin with DNA has been examined to determine the chemical identity of the adduct which forms in a living cell and to observe the effects of the nucleosome structure of chromatin on drug binding. The chemical identity of the cellular adduct was probed by comparing various properties of the cellular adduct to properties of the known, in vitro adduct. The effect of the histones on anthramycin binding was investigated by time-course binding reactions. Results indicate that the properties of the cellular anthramycin-DNA adduct are similar to the in vitro adduct. The histone proteins associated with DNA in chromatin were found to decrease both the reaction kinetics and the final levels of anthramycin binding. Anthramycin reacts appreciably with nucleosome core DNA, but appears to exhibit a preference for linker DNA.
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PMID:Comparison of properties of the in vitro and cellular anthramycin-DNA adducts and characterization of the reaction of anthramycin with chromatin. 715 Dec 26

Reaction of anthramycin 11-methyl ether (AME) with trifluoroacetic acid results in formation of (1,11a)-didehydroanhydroanthramycin (DAA). Anthramycin biosynthetically labelled from DL-[3'RS(3'-3H)]; DL-[3'S(3'-3H)] and DL-[3'R(3'-3H)] tyrosine each lose approximately 50% of their tritium during this conversion to DAA confirming the labelling pattern of 3'-tritiated species of tyrosine in AME. As expected negligible losses of tritium occurred from AME biosynthetically labelled fron L-[2- or 6-3H] or L-[3- or 5-3H]tyrosine. DAA did not form a stable adduct with DNA in accord with the postulated mechanism of action of anthramycin.
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PMID:Chemical conversion of anthramycin 11-methyl ether to didehydroanhydroanthramycin and its utilization in studies of the biosynthesis and mechanism of action of anthramycin. 721 48

Anthramycin and tomaymycin are potent antitumor antibiotics belonging to the pyrrolo[1,4]-benzodiazepine [P[1,4]B] group. Their potent biological effects are thought to be due to their ability to react with DNA within the minor groove, forming covalent adducts through the N2 of guanine with the drug molecules overlapping with a 3-4 bp region. In spite of their small molecular weights, the P[1,4]B's show a surprising degree of sequence selectivity, with 5'-PuGPu sequences being the most reactive and 5'-PyGPy sequences being the least reactive [Hertzberg, R. P., Hecht, S. M., Reynolds, V. L., Molineux, I. J., & Hurley, L. H. (1986) Biochemistry 25, 1249-1258]. It has been proposed that inherent DNA flexibility may be one important component of the sequence recognition process for P[1,4]B bonding to DNA, and in this regard, molecular modeling studies are reflective of the experimentally determined hierarchy of bonding sequences [Zakrzewska, K., & Pullman, B. (1986) Biomol. Struct. Dyn. 4, 127-136]. In this study, we have used chemical and enzymatic probes (hydroxyl radical, DNase I) to evaluate drug- and sequence-dependent changes in DNA-adduct conformation, gel electrophoresis to measure drug-induced bending in DNA, and HPLC to measure the reaction kinetics of anthramycin bonding to different sequences. The results show that tomaymycin bonding to DNA induces greater conformational changes in the DNA (i.e., bending and associated narrowing of the minor groove) than anthramycin. In addition, we find that within each drug species (i.e., tomaymycin or anthramycin), sequence specificity correlates with the degree of bending and reaction kinetics such that those sequences with the highest sequence selectivity produce more bending of DNA and react faster with DNA and vice versa. On the basis of these results, we propose that sequence-dependent conformational flexibility may be an important factor in determining the hierarchy of bonding sequences for the P[1,4]B's.
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PMID:Correlation of DNA sequence specificity of anthramycin and tomaymycin with reaction kinetics and bending of DNA. 835 13


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