Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: KEGG:D02259 (NaI)
 1,823 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The lysate of the glycogen-induced macrophages in rat peritoneal exudate was fractionated by centrifugation and extraction into a water extract, 1 M KCl extract and residue fractions. Approximately 50% of the neutral protease activity toward casein in the lysate was recovered in the KCl extract fraction, which was practically devoid of acid protease, cathepsin D. The pH optimum of the neutral protease toward casein and urea-denatured hemoglobin was pH 8.5. The activity was inhibited strongly by DFP or chymostatin and only partially by HgCl2 or PCMB. Addition of a salt to the reaction medium caused enhancement of the activity with an optimum concentration of 0.25 M: KCl, KBr, KI, NaCl, NaBr, NaI, and MgCl2 were all almost equally effective. When the enzyme preparation was filtered through a column of Sephadex G-75 gel in the presence of 1 M KCl, a larger molecular weight fraction at the void volume was obtained in addition to a smaller molecular weight fraction showing a caseinolytic activity insensitive to KCl concentration. The former was found to have a specific inhibitory effect on the latter activity.
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PMID:The occurence of a neutral protease and its inhibitor in rat peritoneal macrophages. 1 54

In an attempt to obtain pure and well characterized smooth lipopolysaccharide (S-LPS) and rough lipopolysaccharide (R-LPS), smooth and rough strains of Brucella abortus were extracted by two different modifications of the phenol-water method. S-LPS was obtained in the phenol phase, and R-LPS was obtained in the aqueous phase. Further purification was accomplished by treatment with enzymes, detergents, NaI as a chaotropic agent to separate non-covalently bound contaminants, and by gel filtration. The degree of purity of the molecules was determined by chemical and immunological analysis and by electrophoresis in sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gels. Lipid identification by gas-liquid chromatography showed seven major fatty acids. Palmitic acid accounts for about 50%, stearic acid accounts for about 10%, and hydroxylated fatty acids account for less than 5% of total fatty acids. 2-Keto-3-deoxyoctonate but not heptose was detected in the sugar analysis. Protein was found to be firmly bound to S-LPS but not to R-LPS.
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PMID:Purification and characterization of smooth and rough lipopolysaccharides from Brucella abortus. 10 57

To explore whether morphometry of intracellular membrane-limited subcompartments can be used to follow physiological volume changes in such subcompartments in hearts rapidly fixed by perfusion fixation, we have measured osmotically induced volume changes in electron micrographs of longitudinally oriented sarcoplasmic reticulum (LSR) and terminal cisterns (TC) of rat left ventricular myocardial cells. Vascular perfusion with solutions whose osmolality varied from 0.67 to 1.88 isomolal showed that in the hyperosmolal range LSR volume decreased linearly. Approximately 79% of LSR luminal volume participated in the osmotic rey unresponsive. By contrast, we found that the TC responded by dilation when hearts were perfused with hypersomolal NaCl, NaI, LiCl, or sucrose. Furthermore, with hyperosmolal NaCl the dilation developed within 1 minute; its rate and extent of development were concentration-dependent; it manifested an obligate association with prior or concomitant T-tubular dilation and was not readily reversible. We conclude that (1) the technique sensitively measures in situ changes of LSR volume; (2) most of LSR luminal water is osmotically responsive, but a significant fraction may not be; (3) exposure to hyperosomolal solutions may bring about (perhaps irreversible) structural changes in the diadic membrane complex, leading to changes in its solute permeability.
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PMID:Volume changes in sarcoplasmic reticulum of rat hearts perfused with hypertonic solutions. 84 48

For the purpose to conduct precise geometry-independent radioassay of large biological samples, the authors constructed an apparatus with the "peak+scatter" counting method slightly modified from that of Gibbs, et al. and studied its accuracy from the basic and clinical aspects. The apparatus, an opposed-head counter, consisted of two matched 2 x 2-in. NaI crystal detectors and photomultipliers that were connected in parallel to a pulse-height spectrometer. The crystal faces were separated by 54 cm. The detectors were enclosed in 5cm-thick shield built with lead and the sample chamber was a 15 cubic cm-box type of 3 mm-thick Lucite. A 13 cmphiX7.7 cm styrene topper container was used for the sample container. It was found that the relation of primary gamma energy of six radioisotopes and geometry-independent counting threshold turned out to be linear. The assay accuracy with 131I was about +/- 5% in fluid samples irrespective of its sizes (up to 500 ml) or homogeneity. In solid samples the accuracy approached that of fluid by the addition of water up to the height of it. The range, in which the activity could be measured within 5% error originating from statistical fluctuations or loss of counts due to instrument dead time, proved to be about 34 approximately .06 micronCi with 57Co in assay time of 10 min. On the basis of the basic investigations, the geometry-independent counting was used for the radioassay of stool and urine. Since the assay could be done simply up to a relatively large volume without need of material adjustment, it served well in the assay of urine and stool of clinical practice as well as in animal radioassay.
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PMID:[Experimental and clinical studies on the accuracy of geometry-independent counter]. 103 2

The present investigation was conducted to study the effect of the local use of iodine solution as a chemotherapeutic agent on the degree of dental plaque formation and ongingival status in the presence and absence of mechanical oral hygiene. Thirty-six male dental students, 20 freshmen and 16 sophomores, at Case Western Reserve University, participated in the study. All subjects received a prophylaxis and oral hygiene instruction to reduce their plaque and gingival scoeres before the start of the experiment. The 20 freshmen dental students were selected for the test of iodine used in a form of mouthwash. The subjects were randomly divided into two groups. One group received a 0.02% iodine mouthwash, the other a placebo solution of distilled water. Each student was randomly assigned to brush and floss the right or left side of his dentition once daily. The students rinsed with 7.5 ml. of the assigned solution twice daily. The 16 sophomore dental students were selected for the test of iodine applied topically on the tooth surfaces. The subjects were assigned to a randomized block design in which each quadrant received one of the following treatments daily: topical application of iodine solution (2.0% I2 and 2.4% NaI) with brushing and flossing, brushing and flossing only, topical application of iodine solution only, and topical application of distilled water only...
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PMID:Clinical study of iodine as a chemotherapeutic agent for the control of dental plaque and gingivitis in man. 105 3

Domestic ducks were chronically equipped with a device probing the third cerebral ventricle (VIII) for localized intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) perfusion. In conscious animals made diuretic by intravenous water loading with 1.0 ml/min hypoosmotic glucose solution (200 mOsm/kg), hyperosmotic i.c.v. stimulations were tested for antidiuretic actions. Artificial cerebrospinal fluid made hypertonic (400 mOsm/kg) by adding sucrose, mannitol, NaCl, LiCl, choline chloride, NaI, NaNO3, LiNO3, CaCl2 or MgCl2 was perfused i.c.v. for 10-15 min at rates of 10-15 microliters/min. Arterial pressure and heart rate were monitored continuously. Hyperosmotic stimulations with non-electrolytes did not induce antidiuresis. Approximately equivalent degrees of antidiuresis were elicited by Na(+)-, Li(+)- and choline salts with a tendency for moderate rises in arterial pressure. Compared to Cl(-)- and I(-)-salts, the effects of NO3(-)-salts were attenuated. Divalent cations caused prolonged antidiuresis, sometimes preceded by initial diuresis, with circulatory side effects unrelated to the changes in renal fluid excretion. It is concluded that the observed antidiuretic effects were mediated by cation-sensitive, rather than osmosensitive neurons on the brain side of the blood-brain-barrier. Their transduction mechanism might consist of poorly selective membrane channels permeable to cations but not to anions.
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PMID:Ionic responsiveness in third ventricular hypertonic stimulation of antidiuresis in ducks. 131 17

A rugged resin concentration method followed by gamma counting was developed for measuring 226Ra and 228Ra in drinking water. Using typical distribution system pressure, 310 kPa (45 psig), radium in a 20-L sample was concentrated 100-fold onto 200 mL of ion-exchange resin beads that were then sealed in a glass jar for gamma activity measurement. Parameters and materials affecting the concentration step were studied with the objective of maximizing radium recovery in a short time. Empty bed contact times were varied from 0.1-3.0 min (2.0-0.67 mL min-1) and input concentrations of radium were varied from 370-3700 Bq m-3 (10-100 pCi L-1). Varying these parameters did not affect the percentage recovery of radium by the resin. At each empty bed contact time after all adsorbent media were tested, more than 99% of the influent radium was adsorbed. In these experiments, activities were counted for 100 min using a gamma-ray spectrometer equipped with a 3 x 3-inch sodium iodide (thalium-activated) [NaI(Tl)] crystal detector. Activity calculations were based on resin loaded with traceable standard solutions of 226Ra and 286Ra from the National Institute of Standards and Technology. Analyzing entire spectra with a least-squares analysis program resulted in limits of detection for 226Ra and 228Ra of 7.4 Bq m-3 (0.2 pCi L-1) and 33.3 Bq m-3 (0.9 pCi L-1), respectively.
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PMID:Measurement of 226Ra and 228Ra in water by gamma-ray counting after preconcentration on ion-exchange resin. 155 10

A Monte Carlo simulation was performed to characterize the spatial and energy distribution of bremsstrahlung radiation from beta point sources important to radioimmunotherapy (RIT). Using the EGS4 Monte Carlo code, the isotropic emission and transport of monoenergetic 0.1-, 0.5-, 1.0-, 2.0-, and 3.0-MeV electrons and 32P and 90Y beta particles was simulated in an infinite, homogeneous H2O phantom. The probability of bremsstrahlung production for each Monte Carlo-simulated electron step was accumulated in energy intervals not exceeding 5 keV and stored as a function of radial position. To validate this scheme, the EGS4 code was tested in the continuous slowing down approximation (csda) mode, with resulting radiation yields seen to agree with values in ICRU Report No. 37 (ICRU, Bethesda, MD, 1984) to better than 1.6%. The radiation yield calculated with the simulation of secondary particles is seen to be 3%-5% greater than the csda yield. The photon energy distributions are characterized by a typically broad bremsstrahlung spectrum with the probability of photon generation decreasing with radial distance. In the energy range 0.05-0.511 MeV, the probability for bremsstrahlung production from 90Y (2.76 x 10(-2) decay-1) is twice that from 32P (1.35 x 10(-2) decay-1). When passed through 10 cm of H2O and put upon a standard NaI scintillation camera, count rates of 2.3 x 10(-6) and 1.2 x 10(-6) counts s-1 Bq-1 are estimated from point sources of 90Y and 32P. These results predict the inherent spatial resolution limitation and provide the initial data required for modeling and analyzing the scatter, attenuation, and image formation processes in quantitative imaging of bremsstrahlung for RIT dosimetry.
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PMID:The spatial and energy dependence of bremsstrahlung production about beta point sources in H2O. 162 37

Nuclear magnetic resonance spectra of cultures of Candida albicans incubated in the presence of 15N-labelled ammonium demonstrated that glutamine and glutamate were the only initial products of ammonium assimilation. The nature of the route of assimilation in the yeasts Candida albicans, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and Candida tropicalis was further examined by the use of the short-lived isotope 13N. [13N]ammonium was generated in the reaction 16O(p,alpha)13N, induced by proton bombardment of water in tandem accelerator. High-pressure liquid chromatography was used to separate and identify the products of assimilation, and radioactivity was detected and corrected for decay, using a computer-linked NaI scintillation detector. In the three yeasts studied, the labelled ammonium was assimilated into the acid-extractable fraction of cell suspensions within 1 min, and over 75% was converted to glutamine and glutamate. Subsequent to exhaustion of the labelled ammonium, the stoichiometry of the distribution of radiolabel was consistent with a net transfer of radiolabel from glutamine to glutamate, confirming the operation of glutamate synthase (EC 1.4.1.14) in these yeasts. Initial assimilation of label was mostly into glutamine (at a maximal rate within 10 s in C. albicans), whereas accumulation in glutamate did not occur at maximal rate until more than 70% of the labelled ammonium had been assimilated (between 30 and 60 s in C. albicans). We conclude that the glutamine synthetase-glutamate synthase pathway is the major route of ammonium assimilation in C. albicans and also in nitrogen-starved cultures of S. cerevisiae and C. tropicalis.
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PMID:Ammonium assimilation by Candida albicans and other yeasts: a 13N isotope study. 167 31

Adsorption isotherms of BSA at the solid-water interfaces have been studied as a function of protein concentration, ionic strength of the medium, pH and temperature using silica, barium sulphate, carbon, alumina, chromium, ion-exchange resins and sephadex as solid interfaces. In most cases, isotherms for adsorption of BSA attained the state of adsorption saturation. In the presence of barium sulphate, carbon and alumina, two types in the isotherms are observed. Adsorption of BSA is affected by change in pH, ionic strength and temperature of the medium. In the presence of metallic chromium, adsorbed BSA molecules are either denatured or negatively adsorbed at the metallic interface. Due to the presence of pores in ion-exchange resins, adsorption of BSA is followed by preferential hydration on resin surfaces in some cases. Sometimes two steps of isotherms are also observed during adsorption of BSA on the solid resins in chloride form. Adsorption of BSA, beta-lactoglobulin, gelatin, myosin and lysozyme is negative on Sephadex surface due to the excess adsorption of water by Sephadex. The negative adsorption is significantly affected in the presence of CaCl2, KSCN, LiCl, Na2SO4, NaI, KCl and urea. The values of absolute amounts of water and protein, simultaneously adsorbed on the surface of different solids, have been evaluated in some cases on critical thermodynamic analysis. The standard free energies (delta G0) of excess positive and negative adsorption of the protein per square meter at the state of monolayer saturation have been calculated using proposed universal scale of thermodynamics. The free energy of adsorption with reference to this state is shown to be strictly comparable to each other. The magnitude of standard free energy of transfer (delta G0B) of one mole of protein or a protein mixture at any type of physiochemical condition and at any type of surface is observed to be 38.5 kJ/mole.
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PMID:Protein adsorption at solid-liquid interfaces: Part IV--Effects of different solid-liquid systems and various neutral salts. 175 29


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