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Query: KEGG:D02259 (NaI)
 1,823 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The effects of temperature and ethidium bromide on the banding of heat-denatured DNA was studied during equilibrium centrifugation in density gradients of NaI. Centrifugation at 10 degrees C prevents the partial renaturation of Escherichia coli DNA and Clostridium perfringens DNA that occurs at 20 degrees C. A centrifugation temperature of --5 degrees C is required to prevent renaturation of T7 phage DNA. Ethidium bromide decreases renaturation of Escherichia coli DNA during centrifugation at 20 degrees C and causes a small shift in the buoyant density of both denatured and native DNA. Equilibrium centrifugation at lower temperatures prevents DNA renaturation and permits increased utilization of the large buoyant density difference between native and heat-denatured DNA in gradients of NaI.
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PMID:The effects of temperature and ethidium bromide on the banding of heat-denatured DNA in gradients of NaI. 36 10

Survival curves for the mycleium of Aspergillus flavus Link var. columnaris Raper and Fennell were constructed after irradiation with gamma rays in the presence of NaCl, NaBr, NaI, KCl, KBr, KI, CaCl2, CaBr2, CaI2, Ca(NO3)2, NaNO2, NaNO3, KNO2, iodoacetic acid, iodoacetamide and vitamin K5. In addition iodized salt was also tested. All the chemicals tested exhibited initial toxicity at zero dose. However, most of the chemicals demonstrated a synergism when present during irradiation. Compounds containing iodine were invariably the strongest radiosensitizers. The iodine present as an admixture in salt also retained its radiosensitizing character. Sodium bromide and calcium bromide behaved in a different way. The initial toxicity was reduced along with an increase in radiation dose resulting in more survival.
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PMID:Modification of the radiation resistance of Aspergillus flavus mycelial units by some chemicals. 40 4

To define the luminal agent(s) responsible for the reduction of nephron filtration rate following increases of loop of Henle flow rate early proximal flow rate (EPFR) during loop perfusion with 17 different salt solutions were compared to the non-perfused tubules. During orthograde microperfusions a reduction of EPFR as indication of a feedback response was noted with a number of monovalent Cl- and Br- salts (LiCl, KCl, NaCl, RbCl, CsCl, NH4Cl, choline Cl, NaBr, KBr), with Na+ salts except Na acetate (NaHCO3, NaNO3, NaF, NaI, NaSCN), and with CaCl2 and MgCl2. These latter 2 solutions where used in a concentration of 70 mM while all other solutions had a concentration of 140 mM. During retrograde perfusion from the distal to the proximal end of the loop of Henle EPFR fell significantly with Cl- and Br- salts with percentage changes of EPFR ranging from -8.0 to -44.3%. In contrast, Cl- free salts and Cl- salts of divalent cations were associated with percentage changes of EPFR ranging from +7.1 to -6.2%, significance being reached only during perfusion with NaSCN. When furosemide (5 x 10(-4) M) was added to NaBr or KBr a feedback response was not observed. During orthograde perfusion with NaNO3 distal Cl- concentrations were 44.2 +/- 5.08, mM (mean +/- S.E.) at a perfusion rate of 10 nl/min and 59.1 +/- 3.93 mM at a rate of 40 nl/min. CaCl2 perfusion induced a marked elevation of distal Cl- concentrations to levels higher than 140 mM. Loop chloride handling was normal during RbCl perfusion. The magnitude of the feedback response during retrograde perfusion was not changed by lowering NaCl concentration from 140 to 60 mM, but fell when NaCl concentration was further reduced. In contrast to orthograde perfusions it was insensitive to changes in flow rate. Our results are compatible with the thesis that feedback responses depend critically upon the rate of Cl- transport probably across the macula densa cells. Br- ions can replace Cl- because they appear to share a common transport pathway which can be inhibited with furosemide. Unspecificity of feedback responses during orthograde microperfusions is due to presence of Cl- ions in the macula densa region even when solutions are initially Cl- free. Cl- salts of divalent cations do not elicit a feedback response because Cl- transport is severely curtailed.
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PMID:Activation of tubulo-glomerular feedback by chloride transport. 94 30

The freshwater cyanobacterium Synechococcus PCC 6311 is able to adapt to grow after sudden exposure to salt (NaCl) stress. We have investigated the mechanism of Na+ transport in these cells during adaptation to high salinity. Na+ influx under dark aerobic conditions occurred independently of delta pH or delta psi across the cytoplasmic membrane, ATPase activity, and respiratory electron transport. These findings are consistent with the existence of Na+/monovalent anion cotransport or simultaneous Na+/H(+)+anion/OH- exchange. Na+ influx was dependent on Cl-, Br-, NO3-, or NO2-. No Na+ uptake occurred after addition of NaI, NaHCO3, or Na2SO4. Na+ extrusion was absolutely dependent on delta pH and on an ATPase activity and/or on respiratory electron transport. This indicates that Na+ extrusion via Na+/H+ exchange is driven by primary H+ pumps in the cytoplasmic membrane. Cells grown for 4 days in 0.5 M NaCl medium, "salt-grown cells," differ from control cells by a lower vmax of Na+ influx and by lower steady-state ratios of [Na+]in/[Na+]out. These results indicate that cells grown in high-salt medium increase their capacity to extrude Na+. During salt adaptation Na+ extrusion driven by respiratory electron transport increased from about 15 to 50%.
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PMID:NMR studies on Na+ transport in Synechococcus PCC 6311. 131 38

We studied whether eosinophil peroxidase (EPO), an eosinophil granule basic protein, can alter beta-adrenergic receptor (BAR) density on the guinea pig lung membrane. Lung membrane was first preincubated with 1-10 U/ml EPO and then incubated with 10(-4) M NaI and 10(-4) or 10(-6) M H2O2 for 2 hours. BAR density was determined using (-)125I-cyanopindolol. EPO combined with 10(-4) M H2O2 and I decreased the BAR density in a concentration-dependent manner. When only 10(-4) M H2O2 was used, the decrease in BAR density was small but significant. When compared to I, bromide was less effective and chloride alone was not effective. These results suggest that EPO is one of the factors responsible for beta-adrenergic blockade in asthma.
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PMID:Effect of eosinophil peroxidase on beta-adrenergic receptor density on guinea pig lung membrane. 133 76

The permselectivity of the upper portion of long descending limb of Henle (LDLu) was investigated with electrophysiological methods in the isolated perfused tubule preparation of hamster kidney. The diffusion potential (Vt) was determined in three different protocols. In protocol 1, the tubules were initially perfused with modified Krebs Ringer's solution on both sides of the epithelium. Then the bath solution was exchanged consecutively with another solution in which 50 mmol/l NaCl replaced by 50 mmol/l KCl, RbCl, NH4Cl, CsCl, LiCl, NaBr, NaNO3, NaI, Na acetate or 75 mmol/l NaCl replaced by mannitol. The permeabilities for these ions relative to chloride were calculated by Goldman's constant field equation. The segment was found to be cation selective, with all cations being 5-9 times more permeable than all anions. The sequence of permeability was K+ greater than Rb+ greater than Li+ greater than NH+4 = Cs+ greater than or equal to Na+ much greater than Cl- greater than or equal to Br- greater than or equal to NO3- greater than or equal to I- greater than Acetate-. In protocol 2, pure 150 mM NaCl was used for the basal solution to avoid interference by other ions. The bathing solution was exchanged by other solutions which contained 150 mmol/l KCl, NH4Cl, CsCl, RbCl, LiCl, NaI, NaBr, NaNO3, Na acetate or 75 mmol/l NaCl with mannitol. Thus simple biionic substitution was performed. Again, the segment was found to be cation selective, with all cations being 4-10 times more permeable than all anions.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Permselectivity for cations over anions in the upper portion of descending limbs of Henle's loop of long-loop nephron isolated from hamsters. 242 Dec 43

The anionic requirements and the stoichiometric relationships of Na+-taurine cotransport into rat renal brush-border membrane vesicles (BBMV) were evaluated. External Cl- (100 mM) or Br- (100 mM) gradients supported the full overshoot of Na+-taurine symport and yielded similar high-affinity transport systems for taurine uptake. No active uptake of taurine was evident in the presence of external (100 mM) NaF, NaI, Na gluconate, or Na p-aminohippurate (PAH). Na+:taurine stoichiometry was 2.18:1 in the presence of Cl- and 1.60:1 in the presence of Br-. When the external anion gluconate was employed, Na+-dependent taurine uptake was negligible over the whole range of Na+ concentrations examined. Cl-:taurine and Br-:taurine stoichiometries in the presence of external Na+ were 0.97:1 and 0.81:1, respectively. External furosemide (1 mM) or bumetanide (1 mM) did not change taurine accumulation and kinetic parameters. The anionic transport inhibitors 4,4'-diisothiocyanostilbene-2,2'-disulfonic acid (5 x 10(-4) M), N-(4-azido-2-nitrophenyl)-2-aminoethylsulfonate (10(-3) M) and p-chloromercuribenzoate (5 x 10(-4) M) significantly decreased initial rate of taurine uptake by 48, 31, and 31%, respectively. These data suggest that Na+-taurine cotransport into rat renal BBMV is Cl- or Br- dependent and probably operates by means of 2 Na+:1 Cl- or Br-:1 taurine carrier complex. Na+-taurine symport across the rat renal brush-border membrane surface is not affected by diuretics that influence NaCl cotransport but is affected by selected anionic transport inhibitors. An intact anionic binding site may be needed for this translocation process.
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PMID:Anion dependence of taurine transport by rat renal brush-border membrane vesicles. 270 36

Composite effects of pH and halide ions on the transport of HgCl2 into brush border membrane vesicles (BBMV) were investigated in rats. BBMV were incubated for 10 min. in buffer solution at different pH containing 10(-4) M HgCl2. The increase in pH increased the uptake of Hg by BBMV as a result of the increase in transport of Hg into intravesicular space and decrease in binding of Hg to BBMV. The isotonic displacement of NaCl in the buffer solution by LiCl or KCl did not change the uptake of Hg at each pH. The displacement of NaCl by mannitol increased the uptake of Hg at each pH, while the displacement by NaBr or NaI decreased the uptake and diminished the increasing effect of pH on the uptake of Hg. These changes in uptake of Hg due to the displacement were mainly ascribed to the changes in transport of Hg. These results suggest that the increase in pH mainly increases the transport of HgCl2 as a result of the conversion to hydroxide forms of Hg such as Hg(OH)Cl and Hg(OH)2, and Cl- Br- and I- act as the competing ions with OH- and decrease the transport of Hg.
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PMID:Mechanisms of absorption of inorganic mercury from rat small intestine. II. Composite effects of pH and halide ions on transport of mercuric chloride into isolated brush border membrane vesicles in rats. 285 39

The effect of growth of Tetrahymena pyriformis in ethidium bromide (EthBr) on the structure and synthesis of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) has been investigated. During the first 5 h of growth in EthBr, mtDNA synthesis is inhibited 95% or more. After 10-15 h, this block is partially released and large numbers of replicating molecules accumulate, indicating that inhibition by EthBr primarily affects the rate of chain growth and not the initiation of new rounds of replication. The accumulated molecules sediment more rapidly than normal Tetrahymena mtDNA and do not contain enough single-strand regions to distinguish them from normal Tetrahymena mtDNA when banded in buoyant CsCl or NaI gradients. Electron microscopy shows that the predominant species in this rapidly sedimenting DNA is a linear molecule containing one symmetrical double-stranded replication loop of varying size located at its center. No degradation of mtDNA from cells grown in EthBr was detected in alkaline velocity gradients.
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PMID:Accumulation of replicative intermediates of mitochondrial DNA in Tetrahymena pyriformis grown in ethidium bromide. 420 72

Various monovalent salts have been shown to inhibit the binding of radioiodinated human follitropin [( 125I]hFSH) to receptors present in calf testis. We examined the effects of salts on the affinity constant (Ka) and number of binding sites (R0) in the FSH-calf testis receptor system. A constant amount of [125I]hFSH and increasing amounts of unlabeled hFSH were allowed to bind to a constant amount of receptor in the absence or presence (0.10 M) of halides, nitrates or acetates of the alkali ions at 20.0 degrees C. There was an appreciable variation of the affinity constant depending on the salt being used, but there was no change in receptor number (R0). Within an alkali cation series (e.g. NaCH3CO2, NaF, NaCl, NaBr, NaNO3, NaI or a similar potassium series) the affinity decreased with decreasing B coefficient of viscosity. Within a halide series (e.g. LiCl, NaCl, KCl, RbCl or the similar bromide series) the minimum value of the affinity constant occurred with the Na+ salt. The special inhibitory potency of Na+ may suggest that it has a unique interaction with calf testis FSH receptor or with follitropin. The studies indicate a correlation between the B coefficient of viscosity and the ability of salts to inhibit binding of [125I]hFSH to receptor.
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PMID:Correlation of B coefficient of viscosity for monovalent salts with effects on binding of human follitropin to receptor. 632 78


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