Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts:   Target Concepts:
Query: KEGG:D02256 (Calcium chloride)
 226 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The disodium salt of ethylenediamine tetraacetate (EDTA) is a calcium ion chelator used in endodontics to enlarge root canals. This study investigated the effect of EDTA on substrate adherence capacity of rat inflammatory macrophages to determine if EDTA leakage to periapical tissues during root canal therapy can alter macrophage function. Inflammatory macrophages were obtained from Wistar rats and resuspended in RPMI-1640 medium. Substrate adherence capacity assays were carried out in Eppendorf tubes for 15 min of incubation at 37 degrees C in a humidified atmosphere of 5% CO2. The adherence index (AI) was calculated. Results showed that EDTA decreased substrate adherence capacity of inflammatory macrophages in a time and dose-dependent manner. The lowest EDTA concentration that caused a significant inhibition of AI was 50 mM (p < 0.05), and the EDTA concentration that caused half-maximal inhibition (IC50) was 194 +/- 20 mM (p < 0.01). Calcium chloride (10 mM) increased the adherence index of macrophages by 17.1% (p < 0.05) and decreased the EDTA inhibitory effect on AI by 49.5% (p < 0.05). We conclude that an EDTA concentration lower than that used in endodontics decreased the substrate adherence capacity of macrophages significantly. Adhesion is the first step in the phagocytic process and in antigen presentation, but leakage of EDTA to periapical tissues during root canals preparation may inhibit macrophage function and reduce periapical inflammatory reactions.
 ...
PMID:EDTA inhibits in vitro substrate adherence capacity of macrophages: endodontic implications. 959 65

Ethylene glycol-bis-(beta-aminoethyl ether)-N,N,N',N'-tetraacetic acid (EGTA) is an specific calcium ion chelator proposed as endodontic irrigant. This study investigates the effect of EGTA on substrate adherence capacity of rat inflammatory macrophages. Inflammatory macrophages were obtained from Wistar rats and resuspended in RPMI-1640 medium. Substrate adherence capacity assays were carried out in Eppendorf tubes for 15 min of incubation at 37 degrees C in a humidified atmosphere of 5% CO2. The adherence index was calculated. Results showed that EGTA decreased substrate adherence capacity of inflammatory macrophages in a time- and dose-dependent manner. The EGTA concentration that caused half-maximal inhibition (IC50) was 202 +/- 32 mM (p < 0.01). EDTA was more potent than EGTA in inhibiting macrophage adherence (IC50 = 185 +/- 22 mM). Calcium chloride (10 mM) decreased the EGTA inhibitory effect on adherence index by 60.2% (p < 0.01). We conclude that EGTA significantly decreased substrate adherence capacity of macrophages.
 ...
PMID:In vitro inhibitory effect of EGTA on macrophage adhesion: endodontic implications. 1266 84

Experimental study was conducted to clarify the formation behavior of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs) and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs) from carbonaceous materials through a de novo synthesis route. Samples were prepared by changing mixing method and composite state of metallic chloride in graphite powder in order to simulate the texture of "unburned carbonaceous particles", i.e., soot, formed in thermal processes. Reagents of KCl, CaCl2. 2H2O, FeCl3 x 6H2O, and CuCl2 x 2H2O were used as chlorine sources and were added to graphite powder with different methods. The composite state of metallic chloride was varied by preliminary treatments: hand-mixing, mixed-grinding using a high-intensity ball mill, and preheating at different temperatures between 500 and 1100 degrees C. In the de novo experiment, reaction temperature and oxygen concentration of flowed gas were set at 300 degrees C and 2.5 mol %, respectively. During the experiment, formation rates of CO and CO2 and the formed amounts of organic chlorine and PCDD/Fs were measured. The results show a reasonable relation between the amount of formed organic chlorine and oxidation rate of carbon, and the order of the activity of metallic chlorines was obtained as KCl < CaCl2 < FeCl3 << CuCl2. Furthermore, it was found that the effect of the composite state of metallic chloride on the formation of PCDD/Fs significantly depends on the kind of metal. The results will give useful information to examine the formation mechanism of PCDD/Fs from unburned carbon particles in thermal processes.
 ...
PMID:Influence of metallic chlorides on the formation of PCDD/Fs during low-temperature oxidation of carbon. 1283 Oct 28

Worsening fetal gas exchange is the hallmark of frequently observed placental dysfunction after fetal bypass. Several factors influence this pathophysiology, but the optimal prime constituents for fetal bypass have yet to be defined. Calcium and sodium bicarbonate are frequently added to prime solutions for adjustments toward physiologic values. We examined whether similar manipulations are warranted with fetal bypass. Ovine fetuses (n = 10) at 104-110 days' gestation were placed on bypass for 30 minutes. Calcium chloride and sodium bicarbonate were added to adjust prime ionized calcium and pH. Fetal hemodynamics and arterial blood gases were collected immediately before, and 15 and 30 minutes on bypass. Statistical significance was determined by Student's t test and best fit correlations. Calcium addition negatively correlated with fetal pH (R >or= 0.63) and po2 (R >or= 0.41), and displayed a robust positive correlation with pco2 (R = 0.88) during bypass. Similarly, bicarbonate addition revealed correlations for pco2 (R >or= 0.70) and po2 (R >or= 0.57), with a strong negative correlation to umbilical blood flow (R >or= 0.75). Calcium addition to the prime adversely affects fetal gas exchange worsening acidosis during fetal bypass. Bicarbonate addition to the prime is also detrimental to the fetus resulting in greater CO2 production and impaired hemodynamics.
 ...
PMID:A simple solution is "prime" for fetal cardiopulmonary bypass. 1804 53

Ozone oxidation is an advanced oxidation process for treatment of organic and inorganic wastewater. In this paper, sodium acetate (according to chemical oxygen demand [COD]) was selected as the model pollutant in water, and the degradation efficiencies and mechanism of sodium acetate in water by ozone oxidation were investigated. The results showed that the ozone oxidation was an effective treatment technology for advanced treatment of sodium acetate in water; the COD removal rate obtained the maximum value of 45.89% from sodium acetate solution when the pH value was 10.82, ozone concentration was 100 mg/L, reaction time was 30 minutes, and reaction temperature was 25 degrees C. The COD removal rate increased first and decreased subsequently with the bicarbonate (HCO3-) concentration from 0 to 200 mg/L, the largest decline being 20.35%. The COD removal rate declined by 25.38% with the carbonate (CO3(2-)) concentration from 0 to 200 mg/L; CO3(2-) has a more obvious scavenging effect to inhibit the formation of hydroxyl free radicals than HCO3-. Calcium chloride (CaCl2) and calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)2) could enhance the COD removal rate greatly; they could reach 77.35 and 96.53%, respectively, after a reaction time of 30 minutes, which was increased by 31.46 and 50.64%, respectively, compared with only ozone oxidation. It was proved that the main ozone oxidation product of sodium acetate was carbon dioxide (CO2), and the degradation of sodium acetate in the ozone oxidation process followed the mechanism of hydroxyl free radicals.
 ...
PMID:Advanced treatment of sodium acetate in water by ozone oxidation. 2464 44