Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: KEGG:D02011 (FAD)
 5,530 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Recent advances in Alzheimer's disease (AD) research were briefly reviewed. The AD affected brain is characterized by numerous amyloid plaques, neurofibrillary tangles, and neuronal losses. The amyloid is composed of amyloid beta peptide (A beta), a 40-42 amino acid fragment of large membrane protein, amyloid precursor protein (APP). A beta is cleaved by proteolytic enzyme, beta, and gamma secretase yielding N and C terminus of the A beta. Considerable effort has been directed to identify these enzymes, and to find the intracellular compartments where A beta is generated. Endosome, lysosomal pathway, or related acidic compartment is one of the candidates for A beta generation. Biochemical and immunopathological data implicate that A beta 42 is more important than A beta 40 in the pathogenesis of AD. On the other hand, many missence mutations in APP gene and other gene, S182 (presenilin1), and STM2 (presenilin2) were identified in familial AD. Neuropathology in these FAD appear basically quite similar, and AD is regarded as cerebral A beta amyloidosis. It was established that missense mutations in the genes encoding APP, presenilin1, and presenilin2, all treated APP processing, leading to increased production of A beta 42. AD amyloid is composed of many other proteins than A beta, designated as amyloid associated proteins, It should be a key issue to determine the precise mechanism, by which A beta is generated, and the alteration of APP trafficking resulting in increased A beta 42 generation with these mutant genes.
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PMID:[Recent advances in Alzheimer's disease research--amyloid precursor protein trafficking, processing, and mutations in Alzheimer's disease linked genes]. 908 57

Eleven early-onset dementia families, all with affected individuals who have either presented clinical symptoms of early onset familial Alzheimer's disease (EOFAD) or have been confirmed to have EOFAD by autopsy, and two early onset cases with biopsy-confirmed AD pathology, were screened for missense mutations in the entire coding region of presenilin-1 (PS-1) and -2 (PS-2) genes. Missense mutations were detected by direct sequence analysis of PCR products amplified from genomic DNA templates of affected individuals. Three pedigrees were attributable to known mutations in the PS-1 gene: P264L, E280A and the splice acceptor site (G to T) mutation, which results in the deletion of residues 290-319 of PS-1 (PS-1 delta 290-319). In a fourth pedigree, a novel PS-1 mutation was identified in exon 7 (M233T), which is homologous to a pathogenic PS-2 mutation (M239V), and is characterized by a very early average age of onset (before the age of 35). In one early onset case, another novel PS-1 mutation was identified in exon 8 (R278T). Of the five remaining families and the other early onset case, none have missense mutations in the PS-1 or PS-2 genes, or in exon 16 and 17 of the APP gene. Moreover, two of the PS-1 mutations, PS-1 delta 290-319 and R278T, are associated with the co-presentation of familial spastic paraparesis (FSP) in some of the affected family members. Our data raise the possibility that the phenotypic spectrum associated with PS-1 mutations may extend beyond typical FAD to include FSP, a disease heretofore unsuspected to bear any relationship to FAD. In addition, our data suggest that other novel EOFAD loci, in addition to APP and the presenilin genes, are involved in the aetiology of up to 50% of EOFAD cases.
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PMID:Two novel (M233T and R278T) presenilin-1 mutations in early-onset Alzheimer's disease pedigrees and preliminary evidence for association of presenilin-1 mutations with a novel phenotype. 917 70