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Query: KEGG:D02011 (FAD)
 5,530 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

The effects of oral contraceptives (OC) containing 30 micrograms of ethinyl oestradiol and of subsequent multivitamin and folic acid supplementation on vitamin A, total B2 [including its three individual constituents, i.e. riboflavine, RB; flavine-mono-nucleotide, FMN; and flavine-adenine-dinucleotide, FAD], B12, C and folate concentration in serum and red blood cells have been studied in a group of 59 non-pregnant female volunteers. The group taking OC comprised 28 women while 31 women were included in the group of non-OC users serving as the controls. The women were studied for four cycles. Blood samples were taken on days 3 and 23 of the first cycle to obtain baseline values of each analyte. Multivitamin and folic acid supplementation started on day 1 of the second cycle and this was continued daily throughout three consecutive cycles until the end of the study. Vitamin A levels were significantly higher and vitamin B12 levels were significantly lower in the group using OC. Comparison of the baseline values of vitamin total B2, FAD, C, serum and red blood cell folate as determined on days 3 and 23 of the first cycle of the two groups compared revealed no significant differences. Multivitamin and folic acid supplementation did not affect the concentrations of vitamin A and vitamin B12 with either group, whereas all other vitamins increased significantly in both groups. The consistency of each effect of multivitamin supplementation between the two groups was also tested. The degree of these effects was not statistically different between both groups. The results suggest that the vitamin status is indeed affected by OC treatment, but the effects of multivitamin supplementation are not different in OC and non-OC users. Supplementation during OC use or just after discontinuing treatment cannot be justified for healthy young women. However, in the case of women with a critical vitamin balance or higher folate needs, multivitamin supplementation may be considered.
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PMID:Multivitamin supplementation in oral contraceptive users. 176 44

Dehydratases have been detected in anaerobic bacteria which use 2-, 4- or 5-hydroxyacyl-CoA as substrates and are involved in the removal of hydrogen atoms from the unactivated beta- or gamma-positions. In addition there are bacterial dehydratases acting on 1,2-diols which are substrates lacking any activating group. These enzymes contain either FAD, or flavins + iron-sulfur clusters or coenzyme B12. It has been proposed that the overall dehydrations are actually reductions followed by oxidations or vice versa mediated by these prosthetic groups. Whereas the gamma-hydrogen of 5-hydroxyvaleryl-CoA is activated by a transient two-election alpha, beta-oxidation, the other substrates are proposed to require either a transient one-electron reduction or an oxidation to a ketyl (radical anion).
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PMID:Unusual dehydrations in anaerobic bacteria: considering ketyls (radical anions) as reactive intermediates in enzymatic reactions. 868 97

We investigated the influence of hypothyroidism on homocysteine metabolism in rats, focusing on a hypothetical deficient synthesis of FAD by riboflavin kinases. Animals were allocated in control group (n = 7), thyroidectomized rats (n = 6), rats with diet deficient in vitamin B2, B9, B12, choline and methionine (n = 7), thyroidectomized rats with deficient diet (n = 9). Homocysteine was decreased in operated rats (2.6 +/- 1.01 vs. 4.05 +/- 1.0 mumol/L, P = 0.02) and increased in deficient diet rats (29.56 +/- 4.52 vs. 4.05 +/- 1.0 micromol/L, P = 0.001), when compared to control group. Erythrocyte-Glutathione-Reductase-Activation-Coefficient (index of FAD deficiency) was increased in thyroidectomized or deficient diet rats (P = 0.004 for both). Methylenetetrahydrofolate-reductase and methionine-synthase activities were decreased in thyroidectomized rats but not in those subjected to deficient diet. Cystathionine-beta-synthase was increased only in operated rats. Taken together, these results showed a defective re-methylation in surgical hypothyroidism, which was due in part to a defective synthesis of vitamin B2 coenzymes. This defective pathway was overcompensated by the increased Cystathionine-beta-synthase activity.
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PMID:Defective remethylation of homocysteine is related to decreased synthesis of coenzymes B2 in thyroidectomized rats. 1564 65

To determine the concentrations of fat-soluble and water-soluble vitamins in the maternal milk of Japanese women, we collected human milk samples from more than 4,000 mothers living throughout Japan between December 1998 and September 1999, and defined as group A the 691 samples among these that met the following conditions: breast milk of mothers who were under 40 y of age, who did not smoke habitually and/or use vitamin supplements, and whose babies showed no symptoms of atopy and had birth weights of 2.5 kg or more. We then analyzed the contents of vitamins individually. Large differences were observed among the contents of individual human milk samples. The mean contents of each component were as follows: vitamin A, 159.0 +/- 95.2 IU/100 mL; vitamin E, 0.325 +/- 0.165 alpha-TE mg/100mL; vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol), 8.0 +/- 10.7 ng/100mL; vitamin B1 (thiamin), 12.3 +/- 3.2 microg/100 mL; vitamin B2, 38.4 +/- 12.7 microg/100 mL; vitamin B6, 5.7 +/- 2.5 microg/100 mL; vitamin B12, 0.04 +/- 0.02 microg/100 mL; vitamin C, 5.1 +/- 1.9 mg/100 mL; biotin, 0.50 +/- 0.23 microg/100 mL; choline, 9.2 +/- 1.8 mg/100 mL; folic acid, 6.2 +/- 2.9 microg/100 mL; inositol, 12.6 +/- 3.6 mg/100 mL; niacin (nicotinamide), 32.9 +/- 20.4 microg/100 mL and pantothenic acid, 0.27 +/- 0.09 mg/100 mL. The concentrations of derivatives and/or related compounds of vitamin A (retinol, beta-carotene), vitamin E (alpha-, beta-, gamma-, and delta-tocopherol), and B2 (riboflavin, FMN, and FAD) were determined separately. The contents of each were found to vary greatly as the duration of lactation increased. The present results indicate that it is necessary to evaluate individual differences in human milk in order to perform valid research regarding infant formula.
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PMID:Fat-soluble and water-soluble vitamin contents of breast milk from Japanese women. 1680 99

Adenosylcobalamin, the coenzyme form of vitamin B12, is one Nature's most complex coenzyme whose de novo biogenesis proceeds along either an anaerobic or aerobic metabolic pathway. The aerobic synthesis involves reduction of the centrally chelated cobalt metal ion of the corrin ring from Co(II) to Co(I) before adenosylation can take place. A corrin reductase (CobR) enzyme has been identified as the likely agent to catalyse this reduction of the metal ion. Herein, we reveal how Brucella melitensis CobR binds its coenzyme FAD (flavin dinucleotide) and we also show that the enzyme can bind a corrin substrate consistent with its role in reduction of the cobalt of the corrin ring. Stopped-flow kinetics and EPR reveal a mechanistic asymmetry in CobR dimer that provides a potential link between the two electron reduction by NADH to the single electron reduction of Co(II) to Co(I).
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PMID:FAD binding, cobinamide binding and active site communication in the corrin reductase (CobR). 2490 39