Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
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Query: KEGG:D02011 (FAD)
 5,530 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

1. Glutathione reductase (NAD(P)H:oxidized-glutathione oxidoreductase, EC. 1.6.4.2) from human erythrocytes was purified 49 000-fold with an overall yield of 15% and a 280/460 nm absorbance ratio of 6.03. The procedure used was the method of Worthington and Rosemeyer modified by addition of heating and recrystallization. 2. It was concluded from the results of purification, electrofocusing and inhibition studies that glutathione reductase is a single enzyme which used both NADPH and NADH as hydrogen donors. 3. Apoenzyme cross-reacts with the antibody to the holoenzyme but has a slightly reduced affinity to the antibody. Apoenzyme can be removed from the hemolysate by heating and centrifugation without loss of holoenzyme. 4. Indirect immunological assay of the specific activity of the erythrocyte glutathione reductase is possible in the enzyme saturated with FAD.
Biochim Biophys Acta 1976 Sep 14
PMID:Human erythrocyte glutathione reductase. I. Purification and properties. 0 43

Thiamin dehydrogenase, a flavoprotein isolated from an unidentified soil bacterium, contains 1 mol of covalently bound FAD/mol of enzyme. A flavin peptide, isolated from tryptic-chymotryptic digests of the enzyme and hydrolyzed to the FMN level, shows a pH-dependent fluorescence yield being maximal at pH 3.5 to 4.0 and decreasing over 90% at pH 7.5 with a pKa of 5.8. Acid hydrolysis of the peptide results in an aminoacylflavin which shows a pKa of fluorescence quenching of 5.2. Absorption and electron paramagnetic resonance spectral data show the covalent substituent to be at the 8alpha position of the flavin as is the case with all known enzymes containing covalently bound flavin. The aminoacylflavin gives a negative Pauly reaction but yields 1 mol of histidine on drastic acid hydrolysis thus showing an imidazole ring nitrogen as the 8alpha substituent of the flavin. The aminoacylflavin differs from synthetic 8alpha-[N(3)-histidyl]riboflavin or its acid-modified form in pKa of fluorescence quenching, in electrophoretic mobility, in being reduced by borohydride, and in being labile to storage, yielding 8-formylriboflavin. In all of these properties, however, the 8alpha-histidylriboflavin isolated from thiamin dehydrogenase is indistinguishable from 8alpha-[N(1)-histidyl]riboflavin. It is therefore concluded that the FAD moiety of thiamin dehydrogenase is covalently linked via the 8alpha-methylene group to the N(1) position of the imidazole ring of histidine.
J Biol Chem 1976 Sep 10
PMID:Identification of the covalently bound flavin of thiamin dehydrogenase. 0 64

Procedures for the purification of an aldehyde dehydrogenase from extracts of the obligate methylotroph, Methylomonas methylovora are described. The purified enzyme is homogeneous as judged from polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. In the presence of an artificial electron acceptor (phenazine methosulfate), the purified enzyme catalyzes the oxidation of straight chain aldehydes (C1--C10 tested), aromatic aldehydes (benzaldehyde, salicylaldehyde), glyoxylate, and glyceraldehyde. Biological electron acceptors such as NAD+, NADP+, FAD, FMN, pyridoxal phosphate, and cytochrome c cannot act as electron carriers. The activity of the enzyme is inhibited by sulfhydryl agents [p-chloromercuribenzoate, N-ethylmaleimide and 5,5-dithiobis (2-nitrobenzoic acid)], cuprous chloride, and ferrour nitrate. The molecular weight of the enzyme as estimated by gel filtration is approximately 45000 and the subunit size determined by sodium dodecyl sulfate-gel electrophoresis is approximately 23000. The purified enzyme is light brown and has an absorption peak at 410 nm. Reduction of enzyme with sodium dithionite or aldehyde substrate resulted in the appearance of peaks at 523 nm and 552nm. These results suggest that the enzyme is a hemoprotein. There was no evidence that flavins were present as prosthetic group. The amino acid composition of the enzyme is also presented.
Arch Microbiol 1979 Sep
PMID:Microbial oxidation of methane and methanol: purification and properties of a heme-containing aldehyde dehydrogenase from Methylomonas methylovora. 4 58

1. NADPH-cytochrome c reductase was solubilized with bromelain and purified about 400-fold from sucrose/pyrophosphate-washed microsomal fractions from southern armyworm (Spodoptera eridania) larval midguts. 2. The enzyme has a mol.wt. of 70 035 +/- 1300 and contained 2 mol of flavin/mol of enzyme consisting of almost equimolar amounts of FMN and FAD. 3. Aerobic titration of the enzyme with NADPH caused the formation of a stable half-reduced state at 0.5 mol of NADPH/mol of flavin. 4. Kinetic analysis showed that the reduction of cytochrome c proceeded by a Bi Bi Ping Pong mechanism. 5. Apparent Km values for NADPH and cytochrome c and Ki values for NADP+ and 2'-AMP were considerably higher for the insect reductase than for the mammalian liver enzyme. 6. These are discussed in relation to possible differences in the active sites of the enzymes.
Biochem J 1979 Sep 01
PMID:Purification and characterization of NADPH--cytochrome c reductase from the midgut of the southern armyworm (Spodoptera eridania). 11 98

Adrenocortical NADPH-cytochrome P-450 reductase (EC. 1.6.2.4) was purified from bovine adrenocortical microsomes by detergent solubilization and affinity chromatography. The purified cytochrome P-450 reductase was a single protein band in sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, being electrophoretically homogeneous and pure. The cytochrome P-450 reductase was optically a typical flavoprotein. The absorption peaks were at 274, 380 and 45 nm with shoulders at 290, 360 and 480 nm. The NADPH-cytochrome P-450 reductase was capable of reconstituting the 21-hydroxylase activity of 17 alpha-hydroxyprogesterone in the presence of cytochrome P-45021 of adrenocortical microsomes. The specific activity of the 21-hydroxylase of 17 alpha-hydroxyprogesterone in the reconstituted system using the excess concentration of the cytochrome P-450 reductase, was 15.8 nmol/min per nmol of cytochrome P-45021 at 37 degrees C. The NADPH-cytochrome P-450 reductase, like hepatic microsomal NADPH-cytochrome P-450 reductase, could directly reduce the cytochrome P-45021. The physicochemical properties of the NADPH-cytochrome P-450 reductase were investigated. Its molecular weight was estimated to be 80 000 +/- 1000 by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and analytical ultracentrifugation. The cytochrome P-450 reductase contained 1 mol each FAD and FMN as coenzymes. Iron, manganese, molybdenum and copper were not detected. The Km values of NADPH and NADH for the NADPH-cytochrome c reductase activity and those of cytochrome c for the activity of NADPH-cytochrome P-450 reductase were determined kinetically. They were 5.3 microM for NADPH, 1.1 mM for NADH, and 9-24 microM for cytochrome c. Chemical modification of the amino acid residues showed that a histidyl and cysteinyl residue are essential for the binding site of NADPH of NADPH-cytochrome P-450 reductase.
Biochim Biophys Acta 1979 Sep 29
PMID:Physicochemical properties of reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate-cytochrome P-450 reductase from bovine adrenocortical microsomes. 12 Oct 57

The present study describes the morphological changes in the adrenals of hypophysectomized rats injected 0.03 mg of ACTH and/or 10 mg of FAD intraperitoneally for 5 successive days starting 24 hrs after the operation. The administration of only FAD to intact or hypophysectomized rats showed no morphological change in the adrenal cortex. Simultaneous administration of FAD and ACTH to the hypophysectomized rats is more effective for preventing the atrophy induced than the administration of only ACTH. In these animals, similar morphological observations to those in the control, such as the increased nuclear volume, an increase of clear cells, diminuted numbers of lipid droplets and frequent occurrence of various types of granules, were obtained. FAD seems to be effective, through coexisting with ACTH, for preventing atrophy of the adrenals induced by hypophysectomy.
Acta Pathol Jpn 1977 Sep
PMID:Histological studies on the effect of ACTH and flavin adenine dinucleotide on the rat adrenal cortex atrophied by hypophysectomy. 20 Nov 49

Electron microscopic observation was made on the outer fasciculata cells in the adrenal cortex of hypophysectomized rats receiving 10 mg of FAD and/or 0.3 mg of ACTH intraperitoneally once a day for 5 consecutive days from 24 hours after hypophysectomy. The simultaneous administration of FAD and ACTH to the hypophysectomized rat was more effective for preventing adrenocortical atrophy induced than the administration of ACTH alone. This effect appeared as clear cells with low electron density. While the characteristics induced by hypophysectomy were the decrease in number of smooth-surfaced endoplasmic reticulum (SER) and mitochondria and also crista of mitochondria being tubular. The clear cells showed a less degree of their characteristic. From this fact, it is considered that the external FAD acts against fasciculata cells in the adrenal cortex of hypophysectomized rats as a coenzyme for flavin enzyme under ACTH and decreases oxidation-reaction in mitochondria and oxidative phosphorilation reaction in SER, being induced by hypophysectomy.
Acta Pathol Jpn 1977 Sep
PMID:Electron microscopic studies on the effect of ACTH and flavin adenine dinucleotide on adrenocortical atrophy of hypophysectomized rat. 20 Nov 50

Fumarate reductase is a membrane-bound terminal oxidase which is induced when Escherichia coli is grown anaerobically. The purified enzyme is composed of two polypeptide chains of 69,000 and 24,000 daltons and contains 1 mol of covalently bound flavin adenine dinucleotide per mol of enzyme. Fluorescence scanning of SDS-polyacrylamide gels of the protein shows that the flavin is attached to the large subunit. The hypsochromic shift of the 372 nm band of riboflavin to 350 nm in both native fumarate reductase and a flavin peptide released by proteolytic digestion indicates that the flavin is attached via position 8 alpha of riboflavin. Based on the spectral properties and pH-fluorescence dependence we have identified the linkage as 8 alpha-[N(3)-histidyl]FAD.
J Biol Chem 1979 Sep 10
PMID:Fumarate reductase of Escherichia coli. Elucidation of the covalent-flavin component. 38 10

It has been postulated that the peroxisomal fatty acid-oxidizing system [Lazarow & de Duve (1976) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 73, 2043--2046; Lazarow (1978) J. Biol. Chem. 253, 1522--1528] resembles that of mitochondria, except for the first oxidative reaction. In this step, O2 would be directly reduced to H2O2 by an oxidase. Two specific procedures developed to detect the activity of the characteristic enzyme fatty acyl-CoA oxidase are presented, namely polarographic detection of palmitoyl-CoA-dependent cyanide-insensitive O2 consumption and palmitoyl-CoA-dependent H2O2 generation coupled to the peroxidation of methanol in an antimycin A-insensitive reaction. Fatty acyl-CoA oxidase activity is stimulated by FAD, which supports the flavoprotein nature postulated for this enzyme. Its activity increases 7-fold per g wet wt. of liver in rats treated with nafenopin, a hypolipidaemic drug. Subcellular fractionation of livers from normal and nafenopin-treated animals provides evidence for its peroxisomal localization. The stoicheiometry for palmitoyl-CoA-dependent O2 consumption, H2O2 generation and NAD+ reduction is 1 : 1 : 1. This suggests that fatty acyl-CoA oxidase is the rate-limiting enzyme of the peroxisomal fatty acid-oxidizing system.
Biochem J 1979 Sep 15
PMID:Detection of peroxisomal fatty acyl-coenzyme A oxidase activity. 51 63

A method is described for preparation of apolipoamide dehydrogenase which gives quantitative removal of FAD. Active holoenzyme can be reconstituted by incubation with FAD. Reconstitution of apoenzyme with 8-Cl-FAD results in the fixation of most of the flavin to the protein in a covalently bound form. The portion noncovalently bound was shown to be unmodified 8-Cl-FAD. The covalently bound flavin has an absorption spectrum quite different from that of 8-Cl-FAD. It has a single band in the visible with a maximum at 459 nm (extinction coefficient of 22 mM-1 cm-1) and a shoulder at 480 nm. Model reactions between 8-Cl-Flavin (riboflavin or FAD) and organic thiols (thiophenol, beta-mercaptoethanol, or N-acetylcysteine) give products with spectra which are similar to that of FAD covalently bound to lipoamide dehydrogenase. The products of the model reactions have a single visible band with a maximum at 480 nm (extinction coefficient of 23.6 mM-1 cm-1 to 28.4 mM-1 cm-1) and a shoulder at 460 nm. The products of the model reaction and the covalently bound FAD of lipoamide dehydrogenase appear to be the result of a nucleophilic attack on the carbon at position 8 of the flavin ring by a thiolate anion, displacing the chloride. Thus, the product of the model reaction is 8-(RS)-flavin, and the product of the reaction between 8-Cl-FAD and protein probably has a cysteinyl residue covalently attacked at position 8 of FAD. Reconstitution of apoliopoamide dehydrogenase with 8-Cl-FAD gives two enzyme products which are fractionated by ammonium sulfate. Enzyme fractionating between 20% and 45% ammonium sulfate is monomeric and contains covanently bound FAD. Enzyme fractionating between 55% and 75% ammonium sulfate is dimeric and contains both covalently bound FAD and noncovalently bound 8-Cl-FAD. Both protein fractions contain one FAD per protein subunit and both are active with physiological substrates with Km values for NAD and dihydrolipoamide similar to those of native lipoamide dehydrogenase. The maximum turnover rates differ dramatically. Enzyme fractionating between 55% and 75% ammonium sulfate has a Vmax which is 61 times slower than native enzyme. Enzyme fractionating between 20% and 45% ammonium sulfate has a Vmax which is 7400 times slower than native enzyme. These slower rates are partially explainable by the oxidation-reduction potentials of the modified enzymes. Both covalently bound FAD and noncovalently bound FAD appear to reside in the native flavin binding site of the enzyme. However, once dimerization of the protien has taken place, the noncovalently bound 8-Cl-FAD cannot be induced to form a covalent bond with the protein except under protein denaturing conditions. The implications of these findings are discussed.
J Biol Chem 1978 Sep 25
PMID:Production of a covalent flavin linkage in lipoamide dehydrogenase. Reaction with 8-Cl-FAD. 68 58


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