Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound
Pivot Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound   Target Concepts: Gene/Protein Disease Symptom Drug Enzyme Compound

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Query: KEGG:D02011 (FAD)
5,530 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

Fragments of spinach nitrate reductase (NR) were prepared by limited proteolysis of immunopurified enzyme using both Staphylococcus aureus V8 protease and trypsin. Incubation of NR with V8 protease yielded two enzymically active fragments which could be size separated by FPLC on a Superose 12 column or subjected to further proteolysis while bound to a blue Sepharose affinity column. An NADH-ferricyanide (NADH-FR) active fragment bound to, and was eluted from, a blue Sepharose column by micromolar concentrations of NADH. A fragment with methyl viologen-NR activity was either eluted from the same column using 1 M KNO3 or on further treatment in situ on the blue Sepharose column with trypsin. Incubation of holo-NR with trypsin resulted in the loss of all terminal nitrate reducing activities but no loss in either NADH-FR activity or NADH-cytochrome c reductase activity. Two protease-sensitive regions of NR are shown which connect essentially between the flavin (FAD) and haem domains, and between the haem and molybdenum domains of NR. Amino acid analysis of the FAD- and FAD/haem-containing domains yielded two partial sequences which are compared with sequences deduced from complementary DNA (cDNA) of NR from Arabidopsis, tobacco and spinach. The deduced sequences from Arabidopsis and tobacco are found to be ca 80% and the spinach 100% homologous to the sequence obtained for spinach NR fragments.
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PMID:Isolation and partial amino acid sequence of domains of nitrate reductase from spinach. 136 37

A soluble nitric oxide (NO) synthase activity was purified 426-fold from a mouse macrophage cell line activated with interferon gamma and bacterial lipopolysaccharide by sequential anion-exchange, affinity, and gel filtration chromatography. SDS/PAGE of the purified NO synthase gave three closely spaced silver-staining protein bands between 125 and 135 kDa. When assayed in the presence of L-arginine, NADPH, tetrahydrobiopterin, FAD, and reduced thiol, purified NO synthase had a specific activity of 1313 nmol of NO2- plus NO3- per min per mg. The apparent Km of the enzyme for L-arginine and NADPH was 2.8 and 0.3 microM, respectively. Addition of calcium ions with or without calmodulin did not increase the activity of the purified enzyme, and NO synthesis was not altered by calmodulin inhibitors. Gel filtration chromatography indicated that the induced NO synthase was catalytically competent as a dimer of approximately 250 kDa but could be dissociated into inactive monomers of approximately 130 kDa in the absence of L-arginine, FAD, and tetrahydrobiopterin. Upon heat denaturation, NO synthase released 1.1 mol of FAD and 0.55 mol of FMN per mol of 130-kDa subunit. Thus, inducible macrophage NO synthase differs in several respects from constitutive NO synthases and is one of very few eukaryotic enzymes containing both FAD and FMN.
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PMID:Purification and characterization of the cytokine-induced macrophage nitric oxide synthase: an FAD- and FMN-containing flavoprotein. 171 79

Assimilatory nitrate reductase (NR) from Chlorella is homotetrameric, each subunit containing FAD, heme, and Mo-pterin in a 1:1:1 stoichiometry. Measurements of NR activity and steady-state reduction of the heme component under conditions of NADH limitation or competitive inhibition by nitrite suggested intramolecular electron transfer between heme and Mo-pterin was a rate-limiting step and provided evidence that heme is an obligate intermediate in the transfer of electrons between FAD and Mo-pterin. In addition to the physiological substrates NADH and nitrate, various redox mediators undergo reactions with one or more of the prosthetic groups. These reactions are coupled by NR to NADH oxidation or nitrate reduction. To test whether intramolecular redox reactions of NR were rate-determining, rate constants for redox reactions between NR and several chemically diverse mediators were measured by cyclic voltammetry in the presence of NADH or nitrate. Reduction of ferrocenecarboxylic acid, dichlorophenolindophenol, and cytochrome c by NADH-reduced NR was coupled to reoxidation at a glassy carbon electrode (ferrocene and dichlorophenolindophenol) or at a bis(4-pyridyl) disulfide modified gold electrode (cytochrome c), yielding rate constants of 10.5 x 10(6), 1.7 x 10(6), and 2.7 x 10(6) M-1 s-1, respectively, at pH 7. Kinetics were consistent with a second-order reaction, implying that intramolecular heme reduction by NADH and endogenous FAD was not limiting. In contrast, reduction of methyl viologen and diquat at a glassy carbon electrode, coupled to oxidation by NR and nitrate, yielded similar kinetics for the two dyes. In both cases, second-order kinetics were not obeyed, and reoxidation of dye-reduced Mo-pterin of NR by nitrate became limiting at low scan rates.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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PMID:Electrochemical and kinetic analysis of electron-transfer reactions of Chlorella nitrate reductase. 174 83

Nucleotide sequences were determined for cDNA clones for squash NADH:nitrate oxidoreductase (EC 1.6.6.1), which is one of the most completely characterized forms of this higher plant enzyme. An open reading frame of 2754 nucleotides began at the first ATG. The deduced amino acid sequence contains 918 residues, with a predicted Mr = 103,376. The amino acid sequence is very similar to sequences deduced for other higher plant nitrate reductases. The squash sequence has significant similarity to the amino acid sequences of sulfite oxidase, cytochrome b5, and NADH:cytochrome b5 reductase. Alignment of these sequences with that of squash defines domains of nitrate reductase that appear to bind its 3 prosthetic groups (molybdopterin, heme-iron, and FAD). The amino acid sequence of the FAD domain of squash nitrate reductase was aligned with FAD domain sequences of other NADH:nitrate reductases, NADH:cytochrome b5 reductases, NADPH:nitrate reductases, ferredoxin:NADP+ reductases, NADPH:cytochrome P-450 reductases, NADPH:sulfite reductase flavoproteins, and Bacillus megaterium cytochrome P-450BM-3. In this multiple alignment, 14 amino acid residues are invariant, which suggests these proteins are members of a family of flavoenzymes. Secondary structure elements of the structural model of spinach ferredoxin:NADP+ reductase were used to predict the secondary structure of squash nitrate reductase and the other related flavoenzymes in this family. We suggest that this family of flavoenzymes, nearly all of which reduce a hemoprotein, be called "flavoprotein pyridine nucleotide cytochrome reductases."
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PMID:The sequence of squash NADH:nitrate reductase and its relationship to the sequences of other flavoprotein oxidoreductases. A family of flavoprotein pyridine nucleotide cytochrome reductases. 174 31

The nit-3 gene of the filamentous fungus Neurospora crassa encodes the enzyme nitrate reductase, which catalyzes the first reductive step in the highly regulated nitrate assimilatory pathway. The nucleotide sequence of nit-3 was determined and translates to a protein of 982 amino acid residues with a molecular weight of approximately 108 kDa. Comparison of the deduced nit-3 protein sequence with the nitrate reductase protein sequences of other fungi and higher plants revealed that a significant amount of homology exists, particularly within the three cofactor-binding domains for molybdenum, heme and FAD. The synthesis and turnover of the nit-3 mRNA were also examined and found to occur rapidly and efficiently under changing metabolic conditions.
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PMID:Nit-3, the structural gene of nitrate reductase in Neurospora crassa: nucleotide sequence and regulation of mRNA synthesis and turnover. 182 99

A partial cDNA clone coding for the haem-binding domain of NADH:nitrate reductase (EC 1.6.6.1) (NR) from the unicellular green alga Chlorella vulgaris has been isolated, sequenced and expressed. A 1.2 kb cDNA (pCVNR1) was isolated from a lambda gt11 expression library produced from polyadenylated RNA extracted from nitrate-grown Chlorella cells. pCVNR1 hybridized to a 3.5 kb mRNA transcript that was nitrate-inducible and absent from ammonium-grown cells. The entire sequence of pCVNR1 was obtained and found to have a single uninterrupted reading frame. The derived amino acid sequence of 318 amino acids has a 45-50% similarity to higher-plant NRs, including Arabidopsis thaliana, spinach (Spinacia oleracea) and tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum). A comparison with the putative domain structure of higher-plant nitrate reductases suggested that this sequence contains the complete haem-binding domain, approximately one-third of the Mo-pterin domain and no FAD-binding domain. A 32% sequence similarity is evident when comparing the Chlorella NR haem domain with that of calf cytochrome b5. Expression of pCVNR1 in a pET vector synthesized a 35 kDa protein that was antigenic to anti-(Chlorella NR) antibody. The spectral properties of this protein (reduced and oxidized) in the 400-600 nm region are identical with those of native Chlorella NR and indicate that haem is associated with the protein.
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PMID:Expression of a cDNA clone encoding the haem-binding domain of Chlorella nitrate reductase. 188 30

The nitrate reductase structural gene of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii has been isolated from a genomic library by using a nitrate reductase cDNA probe from barley. Restriction fragment length polymorphism analyses mapped the Chlamydomonas clone (B6a) to the nitrate reductase structural gene locus nit-1. Overlapping inserts cover a region of the genome of about 24 kilobases containing the entire gene, which spans approximately 5-8 kilobases. Sequence analysis of DNA fragments from the B6a clone demonstrated a high degree of sequence similarity at the amino acid level with regions corresponding to portions of the heme and FAD/NADH-binding domains of tobacco and Arabidopsis thaliana nitrate reductases and human NADH cytochrome b5 reductase. The identity of the cloned gene as nitrate reductase was confirmed by its ability to complement a nit-1 mutation upon transformation. The nitrate reductase gene produced a 3.4-kilobase transcript in cells derepressed with nitrate; the transcript was undetectable in cells grown in the presence of ammonium. In cells that contain a mutation in the putative regulatory gene nit-2, significantly lower levels of the 3.4-kilobase transcript were found, indicating that the wild-type nit-2 gene is involved in the control of nitrate reductase transcript levels.
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PMID:Isolation and characterization of the nitrate reductase structural gene of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. 247 71

Electron paramagnetic resonance spectra obtained during turnover of the Mo center of NADH:nitrate reductase at pH 8 were comprised of two Mo(V) species, signal A (g1 = 1.996, g2 = 1.969, g3 = 1.967, A1H = 1.25 mT, A2H = 1.18 mT, and A3H = 1.63 mT) and signal B (g1 = 1.996, g2 = 1.969, and g3 = 1.967), the former exhibiting superhyperfine interaction due to strong coupling with a single, exchangeable proton. Binding of halides and nitrite to the Mo center increased the proportion of signal A whereas phosphate had no effect on the EPR line shape. Halides decreased and phosphate increased the rates of enzyme activities involving the Mo center (NADH:nitrate reductase and reduced methyl viologen:nitrate reductase), but neither had any effect on activities involving FAD (NADH:ferricyanide reductase) or heme (NADH:cytochrome c reductase), indicating specific binding of halides to the Mo center. Halides were found to be weak, mixed competitive-noncompetitive inhibitors (Cl- KI = 39 mM, mu = 0.2 M, pH 8) of nitrate reductase forming a catalytically inactive ternary halide-nitrate-enzyme complex. Inhibition patterns changed from nearly noncompetitive (F-) to nearly competitive (I-). The weakening of nitrate binding due to halide binding correlated with increased halide electronegativity rather than ionic radius. In contrast, phosphate (Kd = 7.4 mM, mu = 0.2 M, pH 8) and arsenate were determined to be nonessential activators, characterized by a constant value of (Vmax/Km)app, increasing nitrate reductase activity by weakening nitrate binding without affecting the stability of the transition state. Phosphate had no effect on product inhibition by nitrite (KI = 0.33 mM) or the oxidation-reduction midpoint potentials of the Mo center.
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PMID:EPR and kinetic analysis of the interaction of halides and phosphate with nitrate reductase. 255 63

In dialyzed bovine brain cytosol, the enzymatic formation of nitrogen oxides was directly determined. The basal formation of nitrite and nitrate was concentration-dependently enhanced by L-arginine (EC50 about 3.10(-5) M). Both the basal and L-arginine induced formations were inhibited by NG-monomethyl-L-arginine (EC50 about 2.10(-4) M). In the presence of L-arginine, a concomitant formation of citrulline was detected. L-Arginine methyl ester also served as a substrate, but neither D-arginine, D-arginine methyl ester nor N alpha-benzoyl-L-arginine ethyl ester did so. The formation of nitrite and nitrate was time-dependent, increased linearly with the protein concentration of the cytosol and was not observed when the cytosolic proteins were heat-denaturated. Exogenous NADPH (or NADP+) concentration-dependently enhanced the formation of nitrite and nitrate, whereas NADH, NAD+, FAD, Ca2+, Mg2+ and calmodulin were ineffective. These results indicate that bovine brain contains a cytosolic enzyme which uses NADPH or NADP+ as cofactors to form nitrogen oxides from both an endogenous non-dialyzable substrate and from L-arginine.
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PMID:Enzymatic formation of nitrogen oxides from L-arginine in bovine brain cytosol. 259 Feb 27

The two structural genes encoding tobacco nitrate reductases (NR) were isolated from tobacco genomic libraries constructed in lambda EMBL phages. Two independent genomic clones of 12.6 and 13.5 kbp, respectively, cross-hybridizing with a partial tobacco NR cDNA probe, were further characterized. Southern blot experiments were performed with the NR cDNA probe on genomic DNA derived from Nicotiana tabacum and from the ancestors of tobacco, N. sylvestris and N. tomentosiformis. They showed that the larger clone, referred to as nia-1, was related to the N. tomentosiformis parent, and the smaller one, referred to as nia-2, to the N. sylvestris parent. Both homeologous genes were found to be expressed in tobacco. The sequence of the gene nia-2, from which the cDNA previously cloned is derived, was determined. It encodes a 904 amino acid protein. Three intervening sequences were found interspersed with the coding sequence of the enzyme. The precise location of the transcription initiation site on the structural gene was mapped by primer extension experiments. A TATA consensus sequence was detected 32 bp upstream from the transcription initiation site. The leader sequence of the transcript is 138 nucleotides long and a stable secondary structure involving the translation initiation site has been proposed. The amino acid sequence of tobacco NR deduced from the nucleotide sequence of the gene shows that heme and FAD binding domains occupy the entire C-terminal moiety of the polypeptide. The remaining N-terminal part of the protein should thus carry the catalytic site of nitrate reduction by the molybdenum cofactor.
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PMID:Molecular cloning and characterisation of the two homologous genes coding for nitrate reductase in tobacco. 273 90


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