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Query: KEGG:D02011 (FAD)
 5,530 document(s) hit in 31,850,051 MEDLINE articles (0.00 seconds)

A pyridine nucleotide independent D-lactate dehydrogenase has been purified to apparent homogeneity from the anaerobic bacterium Megasphaera elsdenii. The enzyme has a molecular weight of 105 000 by sedimentation equilibrium analysis with a subunit molecular weight of 55 000 by sodium dodecyl sulfate gel electrophoresis and is thus probably a dimer of identical subunits. It contains approximately 1 mol of FAD and 1 g-atom of Zn2+ per mol of protein subunit, and the flavin exhibits a fluorescence 1.7 times that of free FAD. An earlier purification [Brockman, H. L., & Wood, W. A. (1975 J. Bacteriol. 124, 1454--1461] results in substantial loss of the enzyme's zinc, which is required for catalytic activity. The new purification yields greater than 5 times the amount of enzyme previously isolated. The enzyme is specific for D-lactate, and no inhibition is observed with L-lactate. Surprisingly, the enzyme has a significant oxidase activity, which depends on the ionic strength. Vmax values of 190 and 530 min-1 were obtained at a gamma/2 of 0.224 and 0.442, respectively. Except for this atypically high oxygen reactivity, D-lactate dehydrogenase resembles other flavoenzyme dehydrogenases in that the flavin does not react with sulfite, the tryptophan content is low, and a neutral blue semiquinone is formed upon photochemical reduction. The enzyme flavin is reduced either by dithionite, by oxalate plus catalytic 5-deazaflavin in the presence of light, or by D-lactate. Two electrons per flavin were consumed in a dithionite titration, implyine with varying ratios of D-lactate and pyruvate, an Em7 of -0.219 +/- 0.007 V at 20 degrees C was calculated for the flavin. The enzyme requires dithiothreitol for stability. Rapid inactivation results when the enzyme is incubated with a substoichiometric level of Cu2+. This inactivation can be reversed by dithiothreitol. It is proposed that the enzyme possesses a pair of cysteine residues capable of facile disulfide formation.
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PMID:Purification and properties of the flavoenzyme D-lactate dehydrogenase from Megasphaera elsdenii. 49 62

The acetylenic alpha-hydroxy acid 2-hydroxy-3-butynoate (alpha HB) is a substrate and an irreversible inactivator of the FAD-containing flavoenzyme D-lactate dehydrogenase from Megasphaera elsdenii. On the average, the enzyme undergoes five catalytic turnovers with alpha HB in air at pH 7.0 before being inactivated. Irreversible inactivation is due to the conversion of the flavin to a pink adduct with visible absorption peaks at 522, 382, and 330 nm and weak fluorescence with an emission maximum at 635 nm. The adduct is stable and can be released from the enzyme and purified. It retains a structure analogous to FAD since it binds to the FAD-specific apo-D-amino acid oxidase. It can be further converted to an FMN analogue with phosphodiesterase which binds to the FMN-specific apoflavodoxin. Experiments were conducted to test whether inactivation was initiated by an alpha HB allene carbanion or the dehydrogenation product of alpha HB. Kinetic studies proved inconclusive in that a rapid equilibrium between an oxidized enzyme--allene carbanion pair and reduced enzyme--keto acid pair would make these two species kinetically equivalent. The olefinic substrate 2-hydroxy-3-butenoate, however, produced no flavin adduct. Since the keto acid derived from the oxidation of this alpha-hydroxy acid is expected to be as reactive as 2-keto-3-butynoate, it is concluded that an allene carbanion produced by abstraction of the alpha-hydrogen of alpha HB is the reactive species which covalently adds to the flavin.
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PMID:Suicide inactivation of the flavoenzyme D-lactate dehydrogenase by alpha-hydroxybutynoate. 49 63

Using 8-demethyl-8-hydroxy-5-deaza-5-carba analogues of the appropriate flavin nucleotides, we determined the stereochemistry of interaction between coenzyme and substrate for several flavoproteins. The enzymes were D-amino acid oxidase, L-lactate oxidase, and D-lactate dehydrogenase, all three of which interact with pyruvate, as well as cyclohexanone monooxygenase and 2-methyl-3-hydroxypyridine-5-carboxylic acid oxygenase, which were both probed with nicotinamide nucleotides. L-Lactate oxidase and D-lactate dehydrogenase used the si face of the modified flavin ring while the other three enzymes showed re-side specificity. This selection of flavoenzymes includes FAD- and FMN-dependent enzymes, enzymes that follow a carbanion mechanism, and others that have hydride transfer as an integral part of their reaction pathway.
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PMID:Stereochemistry and accessibility of prosthetic groups in flavoproteins. 289 58

Electron-transferring flavoprotein (ETF) from the anaerobic bacterium Megasphaera elsdenii catalyzes electron transfer from NADH or D-lactate dehydrogenase to butyryl-CoA dehydrogenase. As a basis for understanding the interactions of ETF with its substrates, we report here on the redox properties of ETF alone. ETF exhibited reversible, two-electron transfer during electrochemical reduction in the presence of mediator dyes. The midpoint redox potentials of the FAD cofactor were -0.185 V at pH 5.5, -0.259 V at pH 7.1 and -0.269 +/- 0.013 V at pH 8.4, all versus the standard hydrogen electrode In the presence of the indicator dye 1-deazariboflavin, the Nernst slopes were 0.029 V and 0.026 V at pH 5.5 and pH 7.1, respectively, compared with an expected value of 0.028 V at 10 degrees C. At pH 8.4, in the presence of 2-hydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone or phenosafranine, the Nernst slope varied from 0.021 V to 0.041 V. In the experiments at pH 8.4, equilibration was very slow in the reductive direction and a difference of as much as 30 mV was observed between reductive and oxidative midpoints. ETF exhibited no thermodynamic stabilization of the radical form of the FAD cofactor during electrochemical reduction at pH 5.5, 7.1 or 8.4. However, up to 93% of kinetically stable, anionic radical was produced by dithionite titration at pH 8.5. Molar absorptivities of ETF radical were 17,000 M-1 X cm-1 at 365 nm and 5100 M-1 X cm-1 at 450 nm. The four ETF preparations used here contained less than 7% 6-OH-FAD. However, two of the preparations contained significant amounts (up to 30%) of flavin which stabilized radical and reduced at potentials 0.2 V more positive than those required for reduction of the major form of ETF. This is referred to as the B form of ETF. The proportion of ETF-FAD in the B form was increased by incubation with free FAD or by a cycle of reduction and reoxidation. These treatments caused marked changes in the absorption spectrum of oxidized ETF and decreases of 20-25% in ETF units/A450.
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PMID:Redox properties of electron-transferring flavoprotein from Megasphaera elsdenii. 381 4

Procedures were developed for the optimal solubilization of D-lactate dehydrogenase, D-mandelate dehydrogenase, L-lactate dehydrogenase and L-mandelate dehydrogenase from wall + membrane fractions of Acinetobacter calcoaceticus. D-Lactate dehydrogenase and D-mandelate dehydrogenase were co-eluted on gel filtration, as were L-lactate dehydrogenase and L-mandelate dehydrogenase. All four enzymes could be separated by ion-exchange chromatography. D-Lactate dehydrogenase and D-mandelate dehydrogenase were purified by cholate extraction, (NH4)2SO4 fractionation, gel filtration, ion-exchange chromatography and chromatofocusing. The properties of D-lactate dehydrogenase and D-mandelate dehydrogenase were similar in several respects: they had relative molecular masses of 62 800 and 59 700 respectively, pI values of 5.8 and 5.5, considerable sensitivity to p-chloromercuribenzoate, little or no inhibition by chelating agents, and similar responses to pH. Both enzymes appeared to contain non-covalently bound FAD as cofactor.
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PMID:Membrane-bound lactate dehydrogenases and mandelate dehydrogenases of Acinetobacter calcoaceticus. Purification and properties. 390 42

The chemical reactivity of 8-chloroflavins and 8-mercaptoflavins has been exploited in order to examine the orientation of protein-bound flavins relative to solvent. The apoprotein form of a series of flavoproteins was prepared and the native flavin was replaced by either 8-Cl-flavin or 8-mercaptoflavin (FAD, FMN, or riboflavin form as was appropriate). The reconstituted proteins were exposed to reagents capable of reacting with the group at position 8. The 8-Cl-proteins were challenged with sodium sulfide and thiophenol, while the 8-mercaptoproteins were faced with iodoacetamide and iodoacetic acid. The kinetics of the ensuing reactions served as a measure of the solvent availability of position 8 for the protein-bound flavin. These studies indicated that position 8 of flavin bound to melilotate hydroxylase, D-amino acid oxidase, old yellow enzyme, p-OH-benzoate hydroxylase, and flavodoxin is accessible to solvent, while position 8 on L-lactate oxidase, glucose oxidase, putrescine oxidase, and riboflavin-binding protein appears to be inaccessible. For luciferase, D-lactate dehydrogenase, and xanthine oxidase, the data suggest that position 8 is exposed but the results are inconclusive. The effect of ligand binding on the accessibility of position 8 was also studied. NADPH binding to 8-mercapto old yellow enzyme and benzoate binding to 8-Cl-D-amino acid oxidase results in complete blockage of previously available position 8. On the other hand, p-OH-benzoate hydroxylase and melilotate hydroxylase bind their respective substrates (p-OH-benzoate and melilotate) without significantly altering the reactivity of position 8.
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PMID:Active site probes of flavoproteins. Determination of the solvent accessibility of the flavin position 8 for a series of flavoproteins. 689 55

D-Lactate dehydrogenase, the starting enzyme for carbon and energy metabolism in dissimilatory sulfate-reducing bacteria, has been purified 36-fold from the soluble fraction of the sonicate of Desulfovibrio vulgaris, Miyazaki. The enzyme is specific for D-lactate (Km = 0.8 mM) and DL-2-hydroxybutyrate (probably its D-isomer) as the electron donor substrate. It reduces, in the presence of lactate, various artificial electron acceptors such as 1-methoxyphenazinium methyl sulfate, ferricyanide, tetrazolium dyes, methylene blue, and 2,6-dichlorophenol-indophenol. When 2 mol of ferricyanide was reduced, 1 mol of pyruvate was produced during the reaction. Among natural electron carriers, only cytochrome c-553 isolated from the same organism can be reduced by the enzyme. The ferric complex of pyridine-2,6-dicarboxylate can act as an electron acceptor if cytochrome c-553 is present in the reaction system. NAD+, NADP+, FAD, FMN, cytochrome c3, high-molecular-weight cytochrome, eucaryotic cytochromes c (yeast and horse) and O2 could not be reduced. The enzyme does not have any diaphorase activity. The D-lactate dehydrogenase of D. vulgaris must therefore be named D-lactate:ferricytochrome c-553 oxidoreductase [EC subclass 1.1.2]. A similar enzyme exists in the formate dehydrogenase-less mutant of D. vulgaris, Miyazaki, and in D. vulgaris, Hildenborough.
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PMID:D-lactate dehydrogenase of Desulfovibrio vulgaris. 727 46

The enzyme kinetics of the FAD-containing membrane-associated D-lactate dehydrogenase (D-LDH) of Escherichia coli have been investigated by stopped-flow spectroscopy. The reduction of D-LDH by the substrate, D-lactate, exhibits a two-stage behavior as observed by the absorbance change for the enzyme-bound FAD. The fast stage with a maximum rate of 400 s-1 represents the rapid formation of the enzyme-substrate complex and the formation of the equilibrium between the oxidized and the reduced enzyme-substrate complexes. The slow stage, which occurs on the order of 0.36 s-1, represents the slow release of the product, pyruvate, from the reduced enzyme. The formation of a D-LDH semiquinone radical was not observed during the oxidation of D-lactate by D-LDH at 25 degrees C. However, during the subsequent electron transfer from the reduced enzyme to a nitroxide spin-label, a one-electron acceptor, an enzyme intermediate has been observed and identified by both optical and EPR spectroscopies as an anionic semiquinone. Results from 1H-NMR spectroscopic studies suggest the possible formation of a substrate carbanion when D-lactate is bound at the active site of D-LDH.
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PMID:Stopped-flow kinetic and biophysical studies of membrane-associated D-lactate dehydrogenase of Escherichia coli. 757 33

Ellman's reagent, 5,5'-dithiobis(2-nitrobenzoic acid), has been used to titrate D-lactate dehydrogenase (D-LDH), a respiratory flavoenzyme of Escherichia coli. All six of the possible sulfhydryls titrate in the presence of 2% sodium dodecylsulfate, showing that D-lactate dehydrogenase does not contain any -S-S- bridges. In the native state, only two sulfhydryls are accessible in buffer and only one in the presence of lipid. Single-site mutations of each of the six cysteines of D-lactate dehydrogenase have been prepared. Each of the purified mutant proteins has full activity, demonstrating that an -SH group is not essential to the FAD-driven redox reaction. Ellman's titrations of the mutant proteins have led to the identification of cysteines 65, 146, 156, and 256 in the amino-terminal end as those containing the sulfhydryls that are not accessible in buffer or in buffer plus lipid. The cysteine at 422 is titrated only partially in buffer, while in buffer containing lipid, a necessary factor for full enzymatic activity, its sulfhydryl is inaccessible to the reagent. Cysteine 492 has been identified as containing the sulfhydryl that is accessible to the reagent under both conditions.
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PMID:Nature and environment of the sulfhydryls of membrane-associated D-lactate dehydrogenase of Escherichia coli. 757 34

Electron-transferring flavoprotein (ETF), its redox partner flavoproteins, i.e., D-lactate dehydrogenase and butyryl-CoA dehydrogenase, and another well-known flavoprotein, flavodoxin, were purified from the same starting cell paste of an anaerobic bacterium, Megasphaera elsdenii. The purified ETF contained one mol FAD/mol ETF as the sole non-protein component and bound almost one mol of additional FAD. This preparation is a better subject for investigations of M. elsdenii ETF than the previously isolated ETF, which contains varying amounts of FAD and varying percentages of modified flavins such as 6-OH-FAD and 8-OH-FAD. The additionally bound FAD shows an anomalous absorption spectrum with strong absorption around 400 nm. This spectral change is not due to a chemical modification of the flavin ring because the flavin released by KBr or guanidine hydrochloride is normal FAD. It is also not due to unknown small molecules because the same spectrum appears when ETF is reconstituted from its guanidine-denatured subunits and FAD. A similar anomalous spectrum was observed for AMP-free pig ETF under acidic conditions, suggesting a common flavin environment between pig and M. elsdenii ETFs.
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PMID:Purification of electron-transferring flavoprotein from Megasphaera elsdenii and binding of additional FAD with an unusual absorption spectrum. 1468 38


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